School of Neuroscience for Thai Youth

à¹×éÍËÒ Contents

ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ· Neurotransmitter

¹éÓË¹Ñ¡ÊÁÍ§à©ÅÕèÂã¹ÊÑµÇìª¹Ô´µèÒ§æ

Ê»ÕªÕÊì (species)	¹éÓË¹Ñ¡ (¡ÃÑÁ)
Á¹ØÉÂì (¼ÙéãËè)	1,300-1,400
»ÅÒÇÒÌ (sperm whale)	7,800
»ÅÒÇÒÌ (gray whale)	4,317
»ÅÒÇÒÌ (bowhead whale)	2,738
ªéÒ§	4,783
»ÅÒâÅÁÒ»Ò¡¢Ç´	1,500-1,600
Á¹ØÉÂì Pithecanthropus	850-1,000
ÂÕÃÒ¿	680
ÍÙ°	762
ÊÔ§âµ	240
ËÁÙ	180
ÅÔ§ rhesus	90-97
áÁÇ	30
¡ÃÐµèÒÂ	10-13
ÎÔ»â»â»àµÁÑÊ	582
ÅÔ§«ÔÁá»¹«Õ	420
ÅÔ§¡ÍÃÔÅÅÒ	465-540
ÁéÒ	532
·ÒÃ¡à¡Ô´ãËÁè	350-400
àÊ×Í	263.5
àµèÒ	0.3-0.7

¹éÓË¹Ñ¡ÊÁÍ§à·ÕèÂº¡Ñº¹éÓË¹Ñ¡ÃèÒ§¡ÒÂ = 2%

¤ÇÒÁ¡ÇéÒ§à©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ = 140 ÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ

¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ = 167 ÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ

¤ÇÒÁÊÙ§à©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ = 93 ÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃÀÒÂã¹¡ÐâËÅ¡ÈÃÕÉÐ = 1,500 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃÊÁÍ§ = 1,400 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃàÅ×Í´ = 150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ = 150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·à©ÅÕèÂã¹ÊÁÍ§¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì = 100,000 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅì

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·à©ÅÕèÂã¹ÊÁÍ§¢Í§»ÅÒËÁÖ¡ = 300 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅì

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅìà¡ÅÕÂà©ÅÕèÂã¹ÊÁÍ§¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì »ÃÐÁÒ³ 10-50 à·èÒ¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· neocortical neurons à©ÅÕèÂã¹¼ÙéËÔ§ = 19,300 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅì

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· neocortical neurons à©ÅÕèÂã¹¼ÙéªÒÂ = 22,800 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅì

ÍÑµÃÒ¡ÒÃÊÙàÊÕÂà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· neocortical neurons à©ÅÕèÂ = 1 à«ÅÅìµèÍÇÔ¹Ò·Õ

ÍÑµÃÒ¡ÒÃÊÙàÊÕÂà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· neocortical neurons à©ÅÕèÂ = 85,000 µèÍÇÑ¹

ÍÑµÃÒ¡ÒÃÊÙàÊÕÂà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· neocortical neurons à©ÅÕèÂ = 31 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅìµèÍ»Õ

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅìà¡ÅÕÂ neocortical glial cells à©ÅÕèÂã¹¼ÙéãËè = 36,000 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅì

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅìà¡ÅÕÂ neocortical glial cells à©ÅÕèÂã¹¼ÙéÊÙ§ÍÒÂØ = 39,000 ÅéÒ¹à«ÅÅì

¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇà©ÅÕèÂ¢Í§àÊé¹ãÂ»ÃÐÊÒ··ÕèÁÕàÂ×èÍäÁÍÕÅÔ¹ËØéÁ = 150,000-180,000 ¡ÔâÅàÁµÃ

ÍÑµÃÒ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·ã¹ªèÇ§µÑé§¤ÃÃÀì = 250,000 à«ÅÅìµèÍ¹Ò·Õ
¤ÇÒÁÂÒÇ¢Í§ spiny terminals ¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· Purkinje = 40,700 äÁâ¤ÃàÁµÃ

¨Ó¹Ç¹ spines º¹à´¹ä´Ãµì¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· Purkinje = 61,000

¨Ó¹Ç¹ä«á¹»Êìã¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ cortex = 1,500,000,000,000,000 ä«á¹»Êì (0.15 quadrillion)

¹éÓË¹Ñ¡ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹«ÕÃÕàºÅÅÑÁã¹¼ÙéãËè = 150 ¡ÃÑÁ

ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹µèÒ§æ ã¹ cerebral cortex

Frontal lobe = 41%

Temporal lobe = 22%

Parietal lobe = 19%

Occipital lobe = 18%

Ê¶ÔµÔâÅ¡Á¹ØÉÂìÍÂÙèä´éâ´ÂäÁè¹Í¹¹Ò¹·ÕèÊØ´ = 264 ªÑèÇâÁ§ (11 ÇÑ¹) â´Â Randy Gardner ã¹»Õ 1965

àÇÅÒËÅÑ§¨Ò¡·ÕèàÅ×Í´äÁèä»àÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§¨¹·ÓãËéËÁ´ÊµÔ = 8-10 ÇÔ¹Ò·Õ
àÇÅÒËÅÑ§¨Ò¡·ÕèàÅ×Í´äÁèä»àÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§¨¹·ÓãËéäÁèÁÕ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒÃÕà¿Åç¡Êì = 40-110 ÇÔ¹Ò·Õ

	ÃéÍÂÅÐâ´Â»ÃÔÁÒµÃ
	Ë¹Ù Rat	Á¹ØÉÂì
Cerebral Cortex	31	77
Diencephalon	7	4
ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹¡ÅÒ§ (Midbrain)	6	4
ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇËÅÑ§ (Hindbrain)	7	2
«ÕÃÕàºÅÅÑÁ (Cerebellum)	10	10
ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ (Spinal Cord)	35	2

Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡ÍºÊÒÃà¤ÁÕã¹ÊÁÍ§áÅÐ¡ÅéÒÁà¹×éÍÅÒÂ
	¡ÅéÒÁà¹×éÍÅÒÂ (%)	ÊÁÍ§(%)
¹éÓ	75	77 - 78
ä¢ÁÑ¹	5	10- 12
â»ÃµÕ¹	18 - 20	8
¤ÒÃìâºäÎà´Ãµ	1	1
ÊÒÃÍÔ¹·ÃÕÂì·ÕèÅÐÅÒÂ¹éÓä´é	3 - 5	2
à¡Å×ÍÍ¹Ô¹·ÃÕÂì	1	1

¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) = 125-150 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃ
ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒ¤ÃÖè§ªÕÇÔµ¢Í§¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ = 3 ªÑèÇâÁ§
¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ = 400-500 ÁÔÅÅÔÅÔµÃµèÍÇÑ¹
Specific gravity ¢Í§¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ = 1.007
ÊÕ¢Í§¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§·Õè»¡µÔ = ãÊäÁèÁÕÊÕ (clear and colorless)
¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅìàÁç´àÅ×Í´¢ÒÇ (White Blood cell) ã¹¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§= 0-3 ÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ

¨Ó¹Ç¹à«ÅÅìàÁç´àÅ×Í´ (Red Blood cell)ã¹¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§= 0-5 µèÍÅÙ¡ºÒÈ¡ìÁÔÅÅÔàÁµÃ
Normal intracranial pressure = 150 - 180 mm of water

Í§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºã¹«ÕÃÑÁ (Serum) and ¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ (CSF)
	CSF	Serum
¹éÓ (%)	99	93
â»ÃµÕ¹ (mg/dl)	35	7000
¡ÅÙâ¤Ê (mg/dl)	60	90
Osmolarity (mOsm/l)	295	295
Na (meq/l)	138	138
K (meq/l)	2.8	4.5
Ca (meq/l)	2.1	4.8
Mg (meq/l)	0.3	1.7
Cl (meq/l)	119	102
pH	7.33	7.41

ÊÒÃ¾ÔÉµèÍÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ· Neurotoxins

ª×èÍÊÒÃ¾ÔÉ neurotoxin	áËÅè§·ÕèÁÒ	¡ÒÃÍÍ¡Ä·¸ÔìµèÍÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·
Agatoxin	Funnel Web Spider	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ
Agitoxin	Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
alpha-bungarotoxin	Krait (snake)	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptor
Anatoxin	Algae	ÍÍ¡Ä·¸Ôìà»ç¹ Acetylcholine receptor agonist
Apamin	Honey bee	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Atracotoxin	Blue Mountains Funnel Web Spider	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-gated calcium channels
ATX II	Sea Anemone	¡ÃÐµØé¹ voltage-gated sodium channels
Batrachotoxin	Poison Arrow Frog	»éÍ§¡Ñ¹äÁèãËéªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ»Ô´
beta-bungarotoxin	Krait (snake)	ÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine ·Õè neuromusuclar junction áÅÐ¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Botulinum toxin	Bacteria	ÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine
Brevetoxin	Red Tide Dinoflagellate	¡ÃÐµØé¹¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Calcicludine	Eastern Green Mamba	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-gated calcium channels
Calciseptine	Black Mamba	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-gated calcium channels
Capsaicin	Cayenne Pepper	¡ÃÐµØé¹»ÅÒÂ»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊèÇ¹»ÅÒÂ (peripheral nerve endings)
Charybdotoxin	Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Ciguatoxin	Dinoflagellate	à»Ô´ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Cobrotoxin	Cobra	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ nicotinic receptors
Conotoxin	Marine Snail	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-sensitive calcium channels; ¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§voltage-sensitive sodium channels; ¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ ACh receptors.
Crotoxin	S. American Rattlesnake	Å´¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine
Dendrotoxin	Green Mamba	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-gated potassium channels
Domoic acid	Blue mussel	ÍÍ¡Ä·¸Ôìà»ç¹ Glutamate/kainate receptor agonist
Erabutoxin	Sea Snake	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ acetylcholine (nicotinic) receptors
rErgtoxin-1	Mexican Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Fasciculin-I	Eastern Green Mamba	ÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§àÍ¹ä«Áì acetylcholinesterase
Grammotoxin SIA	South American Rose Tarantula	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ
Gonyautoxin	Dinoflagellate	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Holocyclotoxin	Australian paralysis tick	ÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine
Homobatrachotoxin	Pitohui (bird)	¡ÃÐµØé¹ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
rHongotoxin-1	Central American Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
HWTX-I	Chinese bird spider	»Ô´ªèÍ§á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ
Iberiotoxin	Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Joro spider toxin	Joro spider	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ glutamate receptors
Kaliotoxin	Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Kurtoxin	South African Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§á¤Åà«ÕÂÁ
Latrotoxin	Black Widow Spider	à¾ÔèÁ¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine
Maculotoxin	Blue-Ringed Octopus	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Margatoxin	Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Noxiustoxin	Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Palytoxin	Soft coral	¡ÃÐµØé¹¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Philanthotoxin	Predaceous Wasp	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ glutamate receptors
Phoneutriatoxin	Banana spider	Å´¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ sodium channel inactivation
Phrixotoxin	Chilean fire tarantula	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Pompilidotoxin	Solitary Wasp	¡ÃÐµØé¹ voltage-gated sodium channels
Robustotoxin	Funnel web spider	à»Ô´ sodium channels
rTamapin	Indian Red Scorpion	»Ô´ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Saxitoxin	Dinoflagellate	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
SNX-482	African Tarantula	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ calcium channels
Stichodactyla Toxin	Sea Anemone	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-gated potassium channels
rStromatoxin-1	African Tarantula	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ voltage-gated potassium channels
Taicatoxin	Australian Taipan snake	ÂÑºÂÑé§ voltage-gated calcium channels
Taipoxin	Australian Taipan snake	ÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine
Tetrodotoxin (TTX)	Pufferfish	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ
Textilotoxin	Australian common brown snake	ÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃËÅÑè§ acetylcholine
Tityustoxin-K	Brazilian Scorpion	¢Ñ´¢ÇÒ§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ªèÍ§â¾á·Êà«ÕÂÁ
Versutoxin	Funnel web spider	à»Ô´ªèÍ§â«à´ÕÂÁ

à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· Neuron

Mass of a large sensory neuron = 10^-6gram
Number of synapses for a "typical" neuron = 1,000 to 10,000
Diameter of neuron = 4 micron (granule cell) to 100 micron (motor neuron in cord)
Diameter of neuron nucleus = 3 to 18 micron
Length of Giraffe primary afferent axon (from toe to neck) = 15 feet
Resting potential of squid giant axon = -70 mV
Conduction velocity of action potential = 0.6-120 m/s (1.2-250 miles/hr)
Single sodium pump maximum transport rate = 200 Na ions/sec; 130 K ions/sec
Typical number of sodium pumps = 1000 pumps/micron² of membrane surface
Total number of sodium pumps for a small neuron = 1 million
Density of sodium channels (squid giant axon) = 300 per micron²
Number of voltage-gated sodium channels at each node = 1,000 to 2,000 per micron²
Number of voltage-gated sodium channels between nodes = 25 per micron²
Number of voltage-gated sodium channels in unmyelinated axon = 100 to 200 per micron²
Diameter of microtubule = 20 nanometer
Diameter of microfilament = 5 nanometer
Diameter of neurofilament = 10 nanometer
Thickness of neuronal membrane = 5 nanometer
Thickness of squid giant axon membrane = 50-100 A
Membrane surface area of a typical neuron = 250,000 um² (Bear et al., 2001)
Membrane surface area of 100 billion neurons = 25,000 m², the size of four soccer fields
Typical synaptic cleft distance = 20-40 nanometers across
% neurons stained by the Golgi method = 5%
Slow axoplasmic transport rate = 0.2-4 mm/day (actin, tubulin)
Intermediate axoplasmic transport rate = 15-50 mm/day (mitochondrial protein)
Fast axoplasmic transport rate = 200-400 mm/day (peptides, glyolipids)
Number of molecules of neurotransmitter in one synaptic vesicle = 5,000
Diameter of synaptic vesicle = 50 nanometer (small); 70-200 nanometer (large)
Diameter of neurofilament = 7 - 10 nm
Diameter of microtubule = 25 nm
Internodal Length = 150 - 1500 microns
% composition of myelin = 70-80% lipid; 20-30% protein

·ÕèÁÒ : http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html

ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ Spinal Cord

Number of neurons in human spinal cord = 1 billion
Length of human spinal cord = 45 cm (male); 43 cm (female)
Length of human vertebral column = 70 cm
Length of cat spinal cord = 34 cm
Length of rabbit spinal cord = 18 cm
Weight of human spinal cord = 35 g
Weight of rabbit spinal cord = 4 g
Weight of rat spinal cord (400 g body weight) = 0.7 g
Maximal Circumference of cervical enlargement = 38 mm
Maximal Circumference of lumbar enlargement = 35 mm
Pairs of Spinal Nerves = 31
Number of Spinal Cord segments = 31

                   8 cervical segments
                   12 thoracic segments
                   5 lumbar segments
                   5 sacral segments
                   1 coccygeal segment

·ÕèÁÒ :http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html

àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁÍ§ Cranial nerves

Number of cranial nerves = 12

I- olfactory

II- optic

Number of fibers in human optic nerve = 1,200,000
Number of fibers in cat optic nerve = 119,000

Number of fibers in albino rat optic nerve = 74,800
Length of optic nerve = 50 mm

III- oculomotor
Number of fibers in oculomotor nerve = 25,000-35,000

IV- trochlear
Number of fibers in trochlear nerve = 2,000-3,500
Number of neurons in nucleus of the trochlear nerve = 2,000-3,500

V- trigeminal
Number of fibers in motor root of trigeminal nerve = 8,100
Number of fibers in sensory root of trigeminal nerve = 140,000

VI- abducens
Number of fibers in abducens nerve (at exit from brain stem) = 3,700

VII- facial
Number of fibers in facial nerve (at exit from brain stem) = 9,000-10,000
Length of nucleus of the facial nerve = 2 to 5.6 mm
Number of neurons in nucleus of the facial nerve = 7,000

VIII-vestibulocochlear

IX- glossopharyngeal

X- vagus
Length of dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve = 10 mm

XI- spinal accessory

XII- hypoglossal
Number of neurons in nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve = 4,500-7,500
Length of nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve = 10 mm

·ÕèÁÒ : http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/facts.html#brain

Nobel Prize Neuroscience

รางวัลโนเบล ด้านประสาทวิทยาศาสตร์ (Nobel Prize Neuroscience)

ปีที่ประกาศ	ชื่อ	ช่วงเวลาที่มีชีวิต	สัญชาติ	ประเด็นที่ศึกษา
1906	Golgi, Camillo	7/7/1843 -1/21/1926	อิตาลี	โครงสร้างของระบบประสาท
1906	Ramon y Cajal, Santiago	5/1/1852- 10/18/1934	สเปน	โครงสร้างของระบบประสาท
1911	Gullstrand, Allvar	6/5/1862 to 7/28/1930	สวีเดน	การมองเห็น
1914	Barany, Robert	5/22/1876 to 4/8/1936	ออสเตรีย	สรีรวิทยาและพยาธิวิทยาของอวัยวะรับการทรงตัวในหูชั้นใน (vestibular apparatus)
1927	Wagner-Jauregg, Julius	3/7/1857 to 9/27/1940	ออสเตรีย	ค้นพบ Malaria inoculation ในการรักษา dementia paralytica
1932	Adrian, Edgar Douglas	11/30/1889 to 8/4/1977	อังกฤษ	หน้าที่ของเซลล์ประสาทในการส่งข้อมูลสื่อสาร
1932	Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott	11/27/1857 to 3/4/1952	อังกฤษ	หน้าที่ของเซลล์ประสาทในสมองและไขสันหลัง
1936	Dale, Sir Henry Hallett	6/9/1875 to 7/23/1968	อังกฤษ	กระบวนการส่งผ่านทางเคมีของสัญญาณประสาท
1936	Loewi, Otto	6/3/1875 to 12/25/1961	เยอรมัน	กระบวนการส่งผ่านทางเคมีของสัญญาณประสาท
1944	Erlanger, Joseph	1/5/1874 to 12/15/1965	อเมริกัน	บทบาทของเส้นใยประสาท
1944	Gasser, Herbert Spencer	7/5/1888 to 5/11/1963	อเมริกัน	บทบาทของเส้นใยประสาท
1949	Egas Moniz, Antonio Caetano Abreu Freire	11/29/1874 to 12/13/1955	โปรตุเกส	Leucotomy for certain psychoses
1949	Hess, Walter Rudolph	3/17/1881 to 8/12/1973	สวิตเซอร์แลนด์	สมองส่วนไฮโปธาลามัส ซึ่งอาจเรียกว่า "interbrain" ควบคุมการทำงานของอวัยวะภายใน
1957	Bovet, Daniel	3/23/1907 to 4/9/1992	อิตาลี	ผลของสารสังเคราะห์ที่ยับยั้งการอกฤทธิ์ของสารที่ร่างกายสร้างขึ้น
1961	Von Bekesy, Georg	6/3/1899 to 6/13/1972	ฮังการี	หน้าที่ของคลอเคลีย (cochlea) ในหูชั้นใน
1963	Eccles, Sir John Carew	1/27/1903 to 5/2/1997	ออสเตรเลีย	กลไกของไอออนที่เยื่อหุ้มเซลล์ประสาท
	Hodgkin, Sir Alan Lloyd	2/5/1914 to 12/20/1998	อังกฤษ
	Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding	12/22/1917 to	อังกฤษ
1967	Granit, Ragnar Arthur	10/30/1900 to 3/12/1991	ฟินแลนด์	การแยกความยาวคลื่นแสงของตาในการมองเห็น
	Hartline, Halden Keffer	12/22/1903 to 3/17/1983	อเมริกัน	การมองเห็น
	Wald, George	11/18/1906 to 04/12/1997	อเมริกัน	กลไกทางเคมีในการมองเห็น
1970	Axelrod, Julius	5/30/1912 to 12/29/2004	อเมริกัน	Humoral transmitters in sympathetic nerves
	Katz, Sir Bernard	3/26/1911 to 4/20/2003	เยอรมัน	การหลั่งสารสื่อประสาทจากปลายประสาท
	von Euler, Ulf Svante	2/7/1905 to 3/10/1983	สวีเดน	Humoral transmitters in sympathetic nerves
1973	Lorenz, Konrad Zacharias	11/7/1903 to 2/27/1989	ออสเตรีย	วิชา Ethology ซึ่งเป็นการศึกษาในด้านวัฒนธรรมเชิงเปรียบเทียบระหว่างสังคมและวัฒนธรรมที่ต่างกัน
	Tinbergen, Nikolaas	4/15/1907 to 12/21/1988	เนเธอร์แลนด์
	von Frisch, Karl	11/20/1886 to 6/12/1982	ออสเตรีย
1976	Blumberg, Baruch S.	7/28/1925 to	อเมริกัน	Mechanisms for origin and dissemination of infection disease
	Gajdusek, Daniel Carleton	9/9/1923 to	อเมริกัน
1977	Guillemin, Roger	1/11/1924 to	ฝรั่งเศส	การสร้างเพปไทด์ในสมอง
1977	Schally, Andrew Victor	11/30/1926 to	โปแลนด์, แคนาดา	การสร้างเพปไทด์ในสมอง
1979	Cormack, Allan MacLeod	2/23/1924 to 5/7/1998	แอฟริกาใต้	ประดิษฐ์คิดค้น computer-assisted tomography
1979	Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold	8/28/1919 to 8/12/2004	อังกฤษ	ประดิษฐ์คิดค้น computer-assisted tomography
1981	Hubel, David Hunter	2/27/1926 to	แคนาดา	การประมวลผลข้อมูลในระบบประสาทตา
	Sperry, Roger Wolcott	8/20/1913 to 4/17/1994	อเมริกัน	หน้าที่ของสมองซีกซ้ายและซีกขวา
	Wiesel, Torsten N.	6/3/1924 to	สวีเดน	การประมวลผลข้อมูลในระบบประสาทตา
1982	Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar	5/21/1934 to	สวีเดน	การค้นพบพลอสตาแกลนดิน (prostaglandins)
	Vane, John Robert	3/29/1927 to 11/19/2004	อังกฤษ
	Bergstrom, Sune K.	1/10/1916 to 8/15/2004	สวีเดน
1986	Cohen, Stanley	12/17/1922 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	การควบคุมการเติบโตของเซลล์ประสาท
1986	Levi-Montalcini, Rita	4/22/1909 - ปัจจุบัน	อิตาลี	การควบคุมการเติบโตของเซลล์ประสาท
1991	Neher, Erwin	3/20/1944 - ปัจจุบัน	เยอรมัน	หน้าที่ของช่องไอออน (ion channels) ต่อเซลล์
1991	Sakmann, Bert	6/12/1942 - ปัจจุบัน		หน้าที่ของช่องไอออน (ion channels) ต่อเซลล์
1994	Gilman, Alfred G.	7/1/1941- ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	ค้นพบตัวรับชนิดที่จับอยู่กับโปรตีนจี (G-protein coupled receptors) และบทบาทของมันในกระบวนการถ่ายทอดสัญญาณของเซลล์
	Rodbell, Martin	12/1/1925 to 12/7/1998	อเมริกัน
1997	Prusiner, Stanley B.	5/28/1942 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	การค้นพบโปรตีนไพรออน (prions) ซึ่งเป็นการแสดงหลักการใหม่ของการติดเชื้อ
2000	Carlsson, Arvid	1/25/1923 - ปัจจุบัน	สวีเดน	การถ่ายทอดสัญญาณในระบบประสาทกับโดปามีน
	Greengard, Paul	12/11/1925 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	การถ่ายทอดสัญญาณในระบบประสาท
	Kandel, Eric R.	11/7/1929 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	การถ่ายทอดสัญญาณในระบบประสาทกับการเรียนรู้
2003	Lauterbur, Paul C.	5/6/1929 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	การค้นพบเกี่ยวกับ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
	Mansfield, Sir Peter	10/9/1933 - ปัจจุบัน	อังกฤษ	การค้นพบเกี่ยวกับ magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
	MacKinnon, Roderick	2/16/1956 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	การศึกษาโครงสร้างและกลไกของช่องไอออน (ion channels)
2004	Buck, Linda B.	1/29/1947- ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	ค้นพบตัวรับกลิ่นและการจัดระเบียบโครงสร้างของระบบการรับกลิ่น
2004	Axel, Richard	7/2/1946 - ปัจจุบัน	อเมริกัน	ค้นพบตัวรับกลิ่นและการจัดระเบียบโครงสร้างของระบบการรับกลิ่น

อ้างอิง

1. http://faculty.washington.edu/chudler/nobel.html

2. Nobel Foundation web site

Milestones in Neuroscience Research

ÅÓ´Ñº¢Ñé¹¤ÇÒÁÊÓàÃç¨¢Í§§Ò¹ÇÔ¨ÑÂÊÒ¢Ò»ÃÐÊÒ·ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃì

(Milestones in Neuroscience Research)

ªèÇ§·ÕèË¹Öè§: 4000 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ (B.C) - àÃÔèÁ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª

4000 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ ªÒÇ«ÙÁÒàÃÕÂ¹ (Sumerian) ºÑ¹·Ö¡¼ÅµèÍÍÒÃÁ³ìà¤ÅÔéÁáºº Euphoriant effect ¢Í§µé¹½Ôè¹

»ÃÐÁÒ³ 4000 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ ªÒÇàÁâÊâ»àµàÁÕÂ (Mesopotamia) ÁÕ¡ÒÃãªé Clay tablets «Öè§áÊ´§¶Ö§ÀÙÁÔ»ÑÒã¹¡ÒÃãªéáÍÅ¡ÍÎÍÅìà¾×èÍÅÐÅÒÂµÑÇÂÒ
»ÃÐÁÒ³ 2700 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Shen Nung ãËé¡Óà¹Ô´¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒáºº½Ñ§à¢çÁ (acupuncture)
»ÃÐÁÒ³ 1700 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Edwin Smith surgical papyrus ¶Ù¡à¢ÕÂ¹¢Öé¹«Öè§¶×ÍÇèÒà»ç¹àÍ¡ÊÒÃºÑ¹·Ö¡©ºÑºáÃ¡·Õè¡ÅèÒÇ¶Ö§ÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·

»ÃÐÁÒ³ 1400-1200 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ ÃÐºº¡ÒÃá¾·ÂìáººÍÒÂØÃàÇ· (Ayuvedic system) ¢Í§ªÒÇÎÔ¹´Ù (Hindu) ¶Ù¡¾Ñ²¹Ò¢Öé¹
»ÃÐÁÒ³ 500 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Alcmaion of Crotona ä´é·´ÅÍ§µÑ´àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÃÑº¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ (sensory nerves)
»ÃÐÁÒ³ 500 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Alcmaion of Crotona ä´éÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·µÒ (optic nerve)
»ÃÐÁÒ³ 500 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Empedocles àÊ¹ÍÇèÒÃÑ§ÊÕ¨Ò¡ÀÒ¾ "visual rays" ·ÓãËéà¡Ô´¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹ (sight)
460-379 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Hippocrates ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂâÃ¤ÅÁªÑ¡ (epilepsy) ÇèÒà»ç¹¤ÇÒÁá»Ã»ÃÇ¹ (disturbance) ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§
460-379 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Hippocrates ä´éá¶Å§ÇèÒÊÁÍ§à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éÍ§¡Ñº¡ÒÃÃÑº¤ÇÒÁÃÙéÊÖ¡ (sensation) áÅÐÂÑ§à»ç¹·ÕèµÑé§ÍÂÙè¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Ò§»ÑÒ (intelligence)
387 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Plato ¼Ùéà»ç¹¤ÃÙ·ÕèÊÍ¹ÍÂÙè·ÕèàÁ×Í§ Athens àª×èÍÇèÒÊÁÍ§à»ç¹·ÕèµÑé§ÍÂÙè¢Í§¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ·Ò§¨Ôµ (mental process)
335 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ ÍÃÔÊâµàµÔÅ (Aristotle) ÁÕ§Ò¹à¢ÕÂ¹·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÒÃ¹Í¹ËÅÑº â´Â·ÕèµÑÇà¢ÒÁÕ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÇèÒËÑÇã¨à»ç¹·ÕèµÑé§ÍÂÙè¢Í§¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ·Ò§¨Ôµ

335-280 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Herophilus ºÔ´ÒáËè§ÇÔªÒ¡ÒÂÇÔÀÒ¤ÈÒÊµÃìàª×èÍÇèÒâ¾Ã§ÊÁÍ§ (ventricles) à»ç¹·ÕèµÑé§ÍÂÙè¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Ò§»ÑÒ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂì (human intelligence)
280 »Õ¡èÍ¹¤ÃÔÊµ¡ÒÅ - Erasistratus of Chios ãËé¢éÍÊÑ§à¡µàÃ×èÍ§¡ÒÃáºè§ÊèÇ¹µèÒ§æ ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§

ªèÇ§·ÕèÊÍ§: àÃÔèÁ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª-¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1500

»ÃÐÁÒ³»Õ ¤.È. 100 - Marinus Í¸ÔºÒÂàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁÍ§ (cranial nerve) ¤Ùè·Õè 10
»ÃÐÁÒ³»Õ ¤.È. 100 - Rufus of Ephesus Í¸ÔºÒÂáÅÐµÑé§ª×èÍ optic chiasm
»ÃÐÁÒ³»Õ ¤.È. 900 - Rhazes Í¸ÔºÒÂàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁÍ§ 7 ¤ÙèáÅÐàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ (spinal nerves) ÍÕ¡ 31 ¤Ùè ã¹àÍ¡ÊÒÃª×èÍ Kitab al-Hawi Fi Al Tibb
»ÃÐÁÒ³»Õ ¤.È. 1000 - Alhazen à»ÃÕÂºà»ÃÂÇèÒµÒÇèÒàÊÁ×Í¹¡ÅéÍ§¶èÒÂÃÙ»
»ÃÐÁÒ³»Õ ¤.È. 1000 - Al-Zahrawi ËÃ×ÍÁÕª×èÍàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Abulcasis ËÃ×Í Albucasisä´éÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒâ´Â¡ÒÃ¼èÒµÑ´à¾×èÍÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Ò§»ÃÐÊÒ· (neurological disorders)
¤.È. 1025 - Avicenna à¢ÕÂ¹à¹×éÍËÒà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºµÒáÅÐ¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹ (vision and the eye) ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Canon of Medicine
¤.È. 1088 - Abu Ruh à¢ÕÂ¹Í¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÒÃ¼èÒµÑ´µÒã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Light of the Eyes
¤.È. 1316 - Mondino de'Luzzi à¢ÕÂ¹µÓÃÒ¡ÒÂÇÔÀÒ¤ÈÒÊµÃìàÅèÁáÃ¡¢Í§ÂØâÃ»ª×èÍÇèÒ Anothomia
¤.È. 1410 - ¡èÍµÑé§Ê¶ÒºÑ¹ÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃà¨çº»èÇÂ·Ò§¨Ôµ·ÕèàÁ×Í§ Valencia »ÃÐà·ÈÊà»¹

ªèÇ§·ÕèÊÒÁ: àÃÔèÁ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1500-¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1600

¤.È. 1504 - Leonardo da Vinci ä´éÊÃéÒ§áºº¢Í§â¾Ã§ÊÁÍ§Á¹ØÉÂì (human ventricles) â´ÂãªéáÇ¡«ì
¤.È. 1536 - Nicolo Massa ¡ÅèÒÇ¶Ö§¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ (cerebrospinal fluid)
¤.È. 1538 - Andreas Vesalius µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í Tabulae Anatomicae
¤.È. 1543 - Andreas Vesalius µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í On the Workings of the Human Body
¤.È. 1543 - Andreas Vesalius ÁÕ¢éÍÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºµèÍÁä¾à¹ÕÂÅ pineal gland áÅÐ corpus striatum
¤.È. 1549 - Jason Pratensis µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í De Cerebri Morbis ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºâÃ¤·Ò§»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1550 - Vesalius Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§ÍÒ¡ÒÃÊÁÍ§ºÇÁ¹éÓ (hydrocephalus)
¤.È. 1550 - Bartolomeo Eustachio Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§¨Ø´¡Óà¹Ô´¢Í§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·µÒ (optic nerves)
¤.È. 1561 - Gabriele Falloppio µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í Observationes Anatomicae áÅÐ¡ÅèÒÇ¶Ö§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁÍ§ (cranial nerves)
¤.È. 1562 - Bartolomeo Eustachio µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Examination of the Organ of Hearing
¤.È. 1564 - Giulio Cesare Aranzi à»ç¹¼ÙéºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒÎÔ»â»á¤Á»ÑÊ (hippocampus)
¤.È. 1573 - Constanzo Varolio µÑé§ª×èÍÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹¾Í¹Êì (pons)
¤.È. 1573 - Constanzo Varolio ¼èÒµÑ´ÊÁÍ§à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡â´ÂàÃÔèÁ¨Ò¡ÊèÇ¹°Ò¹¢Í§ÊÁÍ§
¤.È. 1573 - Girolamo Mercuriali ÁÕ¢éÍà¢ÕÂ¹àÃ×èÍ§ De nervis opticis à¾×èÍÍ¸ÔºÒÂÅÑ¡É³Ð·Ò§¡ÒÂÇÔÀÒ¤¢Í§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·µÒ (optic nerve anatomy)
¤.È. 1583 - Felix Platter á¶Å§ÇèÒàÅ¹ÊìµÒ (lens) ÁÕË¹éÒ·ÕèÃÇÁáÊ§ (focuses light) áÅÐÀÒ¾¶Ù¡ÊÃéÒ§¢Öé¹·ÕèàÃµÔ¹Ò (retina)
¤.È. 1583 - Georg Bartisch µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í Ophthalmodouleia: das ist Augendienst «Öè§»ÃÐ¡Íºä»´éÇÂÀÒ¾à¢ÕÂ¹â¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§µÒ

¤.È. 1586 - A. Piccolomini à»ç¹¼ÙéÃÐºØ¤ÇÒÁáµ¡µèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§ cortex ¡Ñº white matter
¤.È. 1587 - Guilio Cesare Aranzi Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§â¾Ã§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ÎÔ»â»á¤Á»ÑÊ
¤.È. 1590 - Zacharias Janssen »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì¡ÅéÍ§¨ØÅ·ÃÃÈ¹ìª¹Ô´ compound microscope
¤.È. 1596 - Sir Walter Raleigh ¡ÅèÒÇ¶Ö§ÊÒÃ¾ÔÉ arrow poison ã¹Ë¹Ñ§Ê×Í·Õèª×èÍÇèÒ Discovery of the Large, Rich and Beautiful Empire of Guiana

¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1600  ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1700

¤.È. 1601 - Hieronymus Fabricius ab Aquapendente µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Tractatus de Oculo Visusque Organo «Öè§ä´éÍ¸ÔºÒÂµÓáË¹è§·Õè¶Ù¡µéÍ§¢Í§àÅ¹ÊìµÒàÁ×èÍà·ÕÂº¡ÑºÁèÒ¹µÒ

¤.È. 1604 - Johannes Kepler Í¸ÔºÒÂ inverted retinal image
¤.È. 1609 - J. Casserio µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂ mammillary bodies à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1611 - Lazarus Riverius µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×ÍÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¤ÇÒÁº¡¾ÃèÍ§¢Í§¡ÒÃÃÐÅÖ¡ÃÙé (impairments on consciousness)
¤.È. 1621 - Robert Burton µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì The Anatomy of Melancholy Í¸ÔºÒÂâÃ¤«ÖÁàÈÃéÒ
¤.È. 1641 - Franciscus de la Boe Sylvius Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§ÃèÍ§ (fissure) ´éÒ¹¢éÒ§¢Í§ÊÁÍ§«Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Sylvian fissure
¤.È. 1649 - Rene Descartes Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§µèÍÁä¾à¹ÕÂÅã¹º·ºÒ··Õèà»ç¹ÈÙ¹Âì¡ÅÒ§¢Í§ÃèÒ§¡ÒÂáÅÐ¨Ôµã¨
¤.È. 1650 - Franciscus de la Boe Sylvius Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§ªèÍ§¢¹Ò´àÅç¡·Õèàª×èÍÃÐËÇèÒ§â¾Ã§ÊÁÍ§ËéÍ§·ÕèÊÒ·áÅÐâ¾Ã§ÊÁÍ§ËéÍ§·ÕèÊÕè «Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ aqueduct of Sylvius
¤.È. 1658 - Johann Jakof Wepfer µÑé§·ÄÉ¯ÕÇèÒËÒ¡àÊé¹àÅ×Í´ã¹ÊÁÍ§áµ¡¨Ð·ÓãËéà¡Ô´ÍÒ¡ÒÃ·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ apoplexy (stroke)
¤.È. 1661 - Thomas Willis Í¸ÔºÒÂ¡Ã³ÕÈÖ¡ÉÒã¹¼Ùé»èÇÂ meningitis
¤.È. 1664 - Thomas Willis µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Cerebri anatome à»ç¹ÀÒÉÒÅÐµÔ¹
¤.È. 1664 - Thomas Willis Í¸ÔºÒÂàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁÍ§¤Ùè·Õè 11 ·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ accessory nerve
¤.È. 1664 - Gerardus Blasius ¤é¹¾ºªÑé¹¢Í§àÂ×èÍËØéÁÊÁÍ§áÅÐµÑé§ª×èÍÇèÒ "arachnoid"
¤.È. 1665 - Robert Hooke ãËéÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¡ÅéÍ§¨ØÅ·ÃÃÈ¹ìà¤Ã×èÍ§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1667 - Robert Hooke µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Micrographia
¤.È. 1668 - l'Abbe Edme Mariotte ¤é¹¾º¨Ø´ºÍ´ã¹¨Í»ÃÐÊÒ·µÒ (blind spot)
¤.È. 1670 - William Molins µÑé§ª×èÍàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ· trochlear nerve
¤.È. 1673 - Joseph DuVerney ·Ó¡ÒÃ·´ÅÍ§ã¹¹¡¾ÔÃÒºâ´Âãªé experimental ablation technique
¤.È. 1681 Ë¹Ñ§Ê×ÍàÃ×èÍ§ Cerebri anatome ¢Í§ Thomas Willis ¶Ù¡µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìà»ç¹ÀÒÉÒÍÑ§¡ÄÉ
¤.È. 1681 - Thomas Willis ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ Neurology (»ÃÐÊÒ·ÇÔ·ÂÒ)
¤.È. 1684 - Raymond Vieussens µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Neurographia Universalis
¤.È. 1684 - Raymond Vieussens ãªé¹éÓÁÑ¹·Õèà´×Í´·ÓãËéà¹×éÍÊÁÍ§äÁèÂØèÂ ¤§ÃÙ»
¤.È. 1695 - Humphrey Ridley µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì The Anatomy of the Brain
¤.È. 1697 - Joseph G. Duverney ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ "brachial plexus"

¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1700 - ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1800

¤.È. 1704 - Antonio Valsalva µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì On the Human Ear
¤.È. 1705 - Antonio Pacchioni Í¸ÔºÒÂ arachnoid granulations
¤.È. 1709 - Domenico Mistichelli Í¸ÔºÒÂ pyramidal decussation
¤.È. 1709 - George Berkeley µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì New Theory of Vision
¤.È. 1717 - Antony van Leeuwenhoek Í¸ÔºÒÂÀÒ¤µÑ´¢ÇÒ§¢Í§àÊé¹ãÂ»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1736 - Jean Astruc ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ reflex
¤.È. 1740 - Emanuel Swedenborg µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Oeconomia regni animalis
¤.È. 1749 - David Hartley µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Observations of Man, «Öè§à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡·Õèãªé¤ÓÇèÒ¨ÔµÇÔ·ÂÒ "psychology"
¤.È. 1755 - J.B. Le Roy ãªéà·¤¹Ô¤ electroconvulsive therapy à¾×èÍÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ»èÇÂ·Ò§¨Ôµ
¤.È. 1760 - Arne-Charles Lorry áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ¡ÒÃºÒ´à¨çº¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹«ÕÃÕàºÅÅÑÁ (cerebellum) ÁÕ¼ÅµèÍ¡ÒÃ»ÃÐÊÒ¹§Ò¹¢Í§»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÑè§¡ÒÃ (motor coordination)
¤.È. 1764 - Domenico F.A. Cotugno Í¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§ spinal subarachnoid cerebrospinal fluid «Öè§áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ¢Í§àËÅÇã¹ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§¡Ñº¢Í§àËÅÇã¹â¾Ã§ÊÁÍ§¹Ñé¹àª×èÍÁµèÍ¡Ñ¹

¤.È. 1764 - Alexander Monroe µÑé§ª×èÍ The interventricular foramen µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Foramen of Monroe
¤.È. 1766 - Albrecht von Haller ãËé¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¹éÓàÅÕéÂ§ÊÁÍ§áÅÐÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ (cerebrospinal fluid) ã¹àªÔ§ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒÊµÃì
¤.È. 1773 - John Fothergill Í¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÅØèÁÍÒ¡ÒÃ trigeminal neuralgia «Öè§àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ tic douloureux ËÃ×Í Fothergill's syndrome
¤.È. 1773 - Sir Joseph Priestley ¤é¹¾º nitrous oxide
¤.È. 1777 - Philip Meckel àÊ¹ÍÇèÒÀÒÂã¹ËÙªÑé¹ã¹ÁÕ¢Í§àËÅÇºÃÃ¨ØÍÂÙèäÁèä´éà»ç¹ªèÍ§ÍÒ¡ÒÈ·ÕèÇèÒ§à»ÅèÒ
¤.È. 1778 - Samuel Thomas von Soemmerring ¹ÓàÊ¹Í¡ÒÃ¨Óá¹¡àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÁÍ§·Ñé§ 12 ¤Ùè ã¹ÃÐººãËÁè
¤.È. 1779 - Antonius Scarpa Í¸ÔºÒÂ Scarpa's ganglion ¢Í§ÃÐºº vestibular system
¤.È. 1781 - Felice Fontana Í¸ÔºÒÂÅÑ¡É³Ð·Ò§¨ØÅ·ÃÃÈ¹ì¢Í§ axoplasm ¨Ò¡àÊé¹ãÂáÍ¡«Í¹
¤.È. 1782 - Francesco Buzzi ÃÐºØµÓáË¹è§â¿àÇÕÂ (fovea)
¤.È. 1783 - Alexander Monro ãËé¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂ foramen of Monro
¤.È. 1784 - Benjamin Rush à¢ÕÂ¹àÊ¹ÍÇèÒáÍÅ¡ÍÎÍÅìà»ç¹ÂÒ·ÕèàÊ¾µÔ´ä´é
¤.È. 1786 - Felix Vicq d'Azyr ¤é¹¾º locus coeruleus
¤.È. 1786 - Samuel Thomas Sommering Í¸ÔºÒÂ optic chiasm
¤.È. 1790 - Johannes Ehrenritter Í¸ÔºÒÂ»Á»ÃÐÊÒ· glossopharygeal
¤.È. 1791 - Luigi Galvani µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹¡ÒÃ¡ÃÐµØé¹àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·¡º´éÇÂ¡ÃÐáÊä¿¿éÒ

¤.È. 1791 - Samuel Thomas von Soemmering µÑé§ª×èÍ macula lutea ·ÕèÍÂÙèº¹àÃµÔ¹Ò
¤.È. 1796 - Johann Christian Reil Í¸ÔºÒÂ insula (island of Reil)
¤.È. 1798 - John Dalton ãËé¤Ó¨Ó¡Ñ´¤ÇÒÁ¢Í§ÀÒÇÐµÒºÍ´ÊÕ (color blindness)

¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1800 - ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1850

¤.È. 1800 - Alessandro Volta »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ìà«ÅÅìáºµàµÍÃÃÕèª¹Ô´à»ÕÂ¡
¤.È. 1800 - Humphrey Davy ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì nitrous oxide
¤.È. 1800 - Samuel von Sommering ¤é¹¾º¡ÅØèÁÊÒÃÊÕ´Óã¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹¡ÅÒ§áÅÐµÑé§ª×èÍÇèÒ "substantia nigra"
¤.È. 1801 - Thomas Young Í¸ÔºÒÂ astigmatism
¤.È. 1801 - Adam Friedrich Wilhelm Serturner ¼ÅÔµÁÍÃì¿Õ¹â´Â¹Ó½Ôè¹ÁÒ´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃµ¡¼ÅÖ¡
¤.È. 1805 - Felix Vicq d'Azyr ¤é¹¾º red nucleus
¤.È. 1808 - Franz Joseph Gall µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹´éÒ¹ phrenology
¤.È. 1809 - Johann Christian Reil ãªéáÍÅ¡ÍÎÍÅìà»ç¹ÊÒÃ·Õè·ÓãËéÊÁÍ§¤§ÃÙ»
¤.È. 1809 - Luigi Rolando ãªé galvanic current ¡ÃÐµØé¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ cortex
¤.È. 1811 - Julien Jean Legallois ¤é¹¾ºÈÙ¹Âì¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃËÒÂã¨ã¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹àÁ´ÑÅÅÒ (medulla)
¤.È. 1811 - Charles Bell ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂ¢éÍáµ¡µèÒ§´éÒ¹¡ÒÃ·ÓË¹éÒ·Õè¢Í§ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ÊèÇ¹º¹·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ dorsal root ¡ÑºÊèÇ¹ÅèÒ§·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ventral root
¤.È. 1813 - Felix Vicq d'Azyr ¤é¹¾º claustrum
¤.È. 1817 - James Parkinson µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì An Essay on the Shaking Palsy
¤.È. 1821 - Charles Bell Í¸ÔºÒÂÍÒ¡ÒÃÍÑÁ¾Òµ¢Í§ãºË¹éÒ·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡ºÒ´á¼Å¢Í§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ãºË¹éÒ (facial nerve lesion) ã¹´éÒ¹à´ÕÂÇ¡Ñ¹·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ Bell's palsy
¤.È. 1821 - Francois Magendie ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂ¢éÍáµ¡µèÒ§´éÒ¹¡ÒÃ·ÓË¹éÒ·Õè¢Í§ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ÊèÇ¹º¹·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ dorsal root ¡ÑºÊèÇ¹ÅèÒ§·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ ventral root

¤.È. 1822 - Friedrich Burdach µÑé§ª×èÍ cingular gyrus
¤.È. 1822 - Friedrich Burdach ÃÐºØ¢éÍáµ¡µèÒ§¢Í§ lateral geniculate ¡Ñº medial geniculate 1823 - Marie-Jean-Pierre Flourens ¡ÅèÒÇÇèÒ«ÕÃÕàºÅÅÑÁ¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃÊÑè§¡ÒÃ
¤.È. 1824 - F. Magendie áÊ´§ËÅÑ¡°Ò¹ªÔé¹áÃ¡·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº«ÕÃÕàºÅÅÑÁ·ÕèÁÕº·ºÒ·ã¹¡ÒÃ·Ã§µÑÇ
¤.È. 1825 - Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud ¹ÓàÊ¹Í¼Ùé»èÇÂ·ÕèÊÙàÊÕÂ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶ã¹¡ÒÃ¾Ù´àÁ×èÍà¡Ô´ºÒ´á¼Å·ÕèÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹Ë¹éÒ
¤.È. 1825 - Robert B. Todd ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂº·ºÒ·¢Í§ cerebral cortex ã¹¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ·Ò§¨Ôµã¨, º·ºÒ·¢Í§ corpus striatum ã¹¡ÒÃà¤Å×èÍ¹äËÇ áÅÐº·ºÒ·¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹¡ÅÒ§ã¹´éÒ¹ÍÒÃÁ³ì
¤.È. 1825 - Luigi Rolando Í¸ÔºÒÂ sulcus ·ÕèãªéáÂ¡ precentral gyrus ¡Ñº postcentral gyrus
¤.È. 1827 - Francois Magendie ¤é¹¾º foramen of Magendie
¤.È. 1827 - E. Merck & Company ÇÒ§µÅÒ´ÂÒÁÍÃì¿Õ¹
¤.È. 1832 - Justus von Liebig ¤é¹¾ºÂÒ¤ÅÍÃÍÅäÎà´Ãµ (chloral hydrate)
¤.È. 1832 - Jean-Pierre Robiquet Ê¡Ñ´áÂ¡ÂÒâ¤à´ÍÕ¹ (codeine)
¤.È. 1832 - Sir Charles Wheatstone »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì stereoscope
¤.È. 1833 - Philipp L. Geiger Ê¡Ñ´áÂ¡ÂÒ atropine
¤.È. 1836 - Gabriel Gustav Valentin ÃÐºØâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÊ¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· (neuron nucleus) áÅÐ¹ÔÇ¤ÅÕâÍÅÑÊ (nucleolus)
¤.È. 1836 - Robert Remak Í¸ÔºÒÂáÍ¡«Í¹·ÕèÁÕ (myelinated axons) áÅÐäÁèÁÕàÂ×èÍäÁÍÔÅÕ¹ËèÍËØéÁ (unmyelinated axons)
¤.È. 1836 - Charles Dickens Í¸ÔºÒÂ obstructive sleep apnea
¤.È. 1837 - Jan Purkyne (Purkinje) Í¸ÔºÒÂ cerebellar cells ÃÐºØâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¹ÔÇà¤ÅÕÂÊ¢Í§à«ÅÅìáÅÐãÂ»ÃÐÊÒ·

¤.È. 1837 -¡èÍµÑé§ American Physiological Society
¤.È. 1838 - Robert Remak àÊ¹ÍÇèÒ à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· (nerve cell) áÅÐàÊé¹ãÂ»ÃÐÊÒ· (nerve fiber) µéÍ§àª×èÍÁµÔ´¡Ñ¹
¤.È. 1838 - Theordor Schwann Í¸ÔºÒÂà«ÅÅì·èÊÃéÒ§äÁÍÔÅÕ¹ (myelin-forming cell) ã¹ÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊèÇ¹»ÅÒÂ (peripheral nervous system) «Öè§àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ "Schwann cell"
¤.È. 1838 - Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Des Maladies Mentales «Öè§à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡·ÕèÁÕ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹´éÒ¹¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Ò§¨Ôµ (mental disorders)
¤.È. 1838 - Eduard Zeis µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì§Ò¹ÇÔ¨ÑÂà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁ½Ñ¹ã¹¤¹·ÕèÊÙàÊÕÂ¡ÒÃÁÍ§Ëç¹
¤.È. 1839 - Theordor Schwann àÊ¹Í cell theory
¤.È. 1839 - C. Chevalier ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ microtome
¤.È. 1840 - Adolph Hannover ãªé chromic acid à¾×èÍ¤§ÃÙ»à¹×éÍàÂ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1840 - Jules Gabriel Francois Baillarger ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂ¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍµèÍÃÐËÇèÒ§ white matter ¡Ñº gray matter ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ cerebral cortex
¤.È. 1840 - Adolphe Hannover ¤é¹¾º ganglion cells ¢Í§àÃµÔ¹Òã¹ÅÙ¡µÒ
¤.È. 1842 - Benedikt Stilling ÈÖ¡ÉÒä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§áºº serial sections à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1843 - James Braid ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ "hypnosis"
¤.È. 1844 - Robert Remak àÊ¹Íá¹Ç¤Ô´ÀÒ¾¢Í§ÊÁÍ§¤ÍÃìà·ç¡Êì·Ñé§ (cortex) 6 ªÑé¹
¤.È. 1844 - Horace Wells ãªé nitrous oxide ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃ¶Í¹½Ñ¹
¤.È. 1846 - William Morton áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªéÍÕà·ÍÃì (ether) à¾×èÍªèÇÂÇÒ§ÊÅºä´é ·ÕèâÃ§¾ÂÒºÒÅ Massachusetts
¤.È. 1847 James Young Simpson ãªé¤ÅÍâÃ¿ÍÃìÁ (Chloroform) à»ç¹ÂÒÇÒ§ÊÅº
¤.È. 1847 ¡èÍµÑé§ American Medical Association
¤.È. 1848 - Richard Owen ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ "notochord"
¤.È. 1849 - Hermann von Helmholtz ÇÑ´¤ÇÒÁàÃçÇã¹¡ÒÃ¹ÓÊÑÒ³»ÃÐÊÒ· (nerve impulse) ã¹¡º

¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1850 - ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1900

¤.È. 1850 - Augustus Waller Í¸ÔºÒÂÅÑ¡É³ÐàÊé¹ãÂ»ÃÐÊÒ· (nerve fibers) ·Õè¡ÓÅÑ§ÊÅÒÂµÑÇ
¤.È. 1850 - Marshall Hall ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ spinal shock
¤.È. 1850 - Emil Du Bois-Reymond »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì nerve galvanometer
¤.È. 1851 - Heinrich Muller Í¸ÔºÒÂÃ§¤ÇÑµ¶Ø·ÕèÁÕÊÕã¹àÃµÔ¹Òà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡

¤.È. 1851 - Marchese Alfonso Corti Í¸ÔºÒÂ cochlear receptor organ ã¹ËÙªÑé¹ã¹«Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ organ of Corti
¤.È. 1851 - Hermann von Helmholtz »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì ophthalmoscope
¤.È. 1852 - A. Kolliker Í¸ÔºÒÂÇèÒàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊÑè§¡ÒÃ«Öè§Êè§¶Ù¡ÍÍ¡ÁÒ¨Ò¡à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ··Õèä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ÊèÇ¹Ë¹éÒ (anterior horn) à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´éÍÂèÒ§äÃ
¤.È. 1852 - George Meissner áÅÐ Rudolf Wagner Í¸ÔºÒÂ encapsulated nerve endings «Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ "Meissner's corpuscles"
¤.È.1853 - William Benjamin Carpenter àÊ¹ÍÇèÒ "sensory ganglion" (thalamus) à»ç¹·ÕèµÑé§¢Í§¤ÇÒÁÃÐÅÖ¡ÃÙé (consciousness)
¤.È. 1854 - Louis P. Gratiolet Í¸ÔºÒÂÃÍÂËÂÑ¡ (convolutions) ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ cerebral cortex
¤.È. 1855 - Bartolomeo Panizza áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ occipital lobe ¨Óà»ç¹ÊÓËÃÑº¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹
¤.È. 1855 - Richard Heschl Í¸ÔºÒÂÃèÍ§ÊÁÍ§µÒÁ¢ÇÒ§·Õè temporal lobe áÅÐàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Heschl's gyri
¤.È. 1859 - Charles Darwin µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì The Origin of Species
¤.È. 1859 - Rudolph Virchow ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ neuroglia
¤.È. 1860 - Albert Niemann Ê¡Ñ´ cocaine ä´éà»ç¹ÊÒÃºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôì
¤.È. 1860 - Gustav Theodor Fechner ¾Ñ²¹Ò "Fechner's law"
¤.È. 1861 - Paul Broca ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂ cortical localization
¤.È. 1861 - T.H. Huxley ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ calcarine sulcus
¤.È. 1862 - William Withey Gull Í¸ÔºÒÂÍÒ¡ÒÃ·Ò§¤ÅÔ¹Ô¡¢Í§ syringomyelia
¤.È. 1862 - Hermann Snellen »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì eyechart ·ÕèÁÕµÑÇÍÑ¡ÉÃà¾×èÍ·´ÊÍº¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹
¤.È. 1863 - Ivan Mikhalovich Sechenov µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Reflexes of the Brain
¤.È. 1863 - Nikolaus Friedreich Í¸ÔºÒÂ Friedreich's ataxia «Öè§à»ç¹¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ·Õèà¡Ô´¨Ò¡¤ÇÒÁàÊ×èÍÁ¢Í§ÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊèÇ¹¡ÅÒ§ â´Â¶èÒÂ·Í´·Ò§¾Ñ¹¸Ø¡ÃÃÁáÅÐÍÒ¡ÒÃ·ÃØ´Ë¹Ñ¡Å§àÃ×èÍÂæ
¤.È. 1864 - John Hughlings Jackson à¢ÕÂ¹ºÃÃÂÒÂ¡ÒÃÊÙàÊÕÂ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶´éÒ¹¡ÒÃ¾Ù´àÁ×èÍÊÁÍ§à¡Ô´¡ÒÃºÒ´à¨çº
¤.È. 1865 - Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters áÂ¡ãËéàËç¹¤ÇÒÁáµ¡µèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§à´¹ä´Ãµì (dendrite) áÅÐáÍ¡«Í¹ (axon)
¤.È. 1865 - Otto Friedrich Karl Deiters Í¸ÔºÒÂ lateral vestibular nucleus (Deiter's nucleus)
¤.È. 1866 - John Langdon Haydon Down µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ congenital "idiots"
¤.È. 1866 - Julius Bernstein µÑé§ÊÁÁµÔ°Ò¹ÇèÒÊÑÒ³»ÃÐÊÒ·à»ç¹¤Å×è¹»ÃÐ¨ØÅº "wave of negativity"
¤.È. 1867 - Theodore Meynert ÇÔà¤ÃÒÐËìÍ§¤ì»ÃÐ¡Íºà¹×èÍàÂ×èÍã¹ÊÁÍ§ cerebral cortex
¤.È. 1868 - Julius Bernstein ÇÑ´ªèÇ§ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒã¹¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ action potential
¤.È. 1868 - Friedrich Goll Í¸ÔºÒÂ fasciculus gracilis
¤.È. 1869 - Francis Galton ÍéÒ§ÇèÒ¤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒÃ¶·Ò§ÊµÔ»ÑÒ (intelligence) ¹Ñé¹¶èÒÂ·Í´·Ò§¾Ñ¹¸Ø¡ÃÃÁ ã¹ÃÒÂ§Ò¹ª×èÍÇèÒ Hereditary Genius
¤.È. 1869 - Johann Friedrich Horner Í¸ÔºÒÂ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔ¢Í§µÒ·ÕèÁÕ small pupil, droopy eyelid «Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ "Horner's syndrome"
¤.È. 1870 - Eduard Hitzig áÅÐ Gustav Fritsch ¤é¹¾º cortical motor area ã¹ÊØ¹Ñ¢ÀÒÂËÅÑ§ãªéÇÔ¸Õ¡ÃÐµØé¹´éÇÂä¿¿éÒ

¤.È. 1870 - Ernst von Bergmann à¢ÕÂ¹µÓÃÒàÅèÁáÃ¡à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÈÑÅÂ¡ÃÃÁÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·

¤.È. 1871 - Weir Mitchell ãËéÃÒÂÅÐàÍÕÂ´à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº phantom limb syndrome
¤.È. 1872 - George Huntington Í¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÅØèÁÍÒ¡ÒÃ hereditary chorea
¤.È. 1872 - Sir William Turner Í¸ÔºÒÂ interparietal sulcus
¤.È. 1873 - Camillo Golgi µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹ silver nitrate method à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1874 - Jean Martin Charcot Í¸ÔºÒÂ amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
¤.È. 1874 - Vladimir Alekseyevich Betz µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº giant pyramidal cells
¤.È. 1874 - Carl Wernicke µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Der Aphasische Symptomencomplex on aphasias
¤.È. 1875 - Sir David Ferrier Í¸ÔºÒÂ different parts of monkey motor cortex
¤.È. 1875 - Richard Caton ºÑ¹·Ö¡¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ã¹àªÔ§ä¿¿éÒà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡

¤.È. 1875 - Wilhelm Heinrich Erb áÅÐ Carl Friedrich Otto Westphal Í¸ÔºÒÂ knee jerk reflex
¤.È. 1876 - David Ferrier µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì The Functions of the Brain
¤.È. 1876 - Franz Christian Boll discovers rhodopsin
¤.È. 1876 - Francis Galton ãªé¤ÓÇèÒ "nature áÅÐ nurture" à¾×èÍÍ¸ÔºÒÂ "heredity and environment"
¤.È. 1877 - Jean-Martin Charcot µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Lectures on the Diseases of the Nervous System
¤.È. 1878 - W. Bevan Lewis µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº giant pyramidal cells ã¹ precentral gyrus
¤.È. 1878 - Claude Bernard Í¸ÔºÒÂÄ·¸Ôì¢Í§ÂÒ curare ·ÕèÂÑºÂÑé§¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§»ÃÐÊÒ·¡Ñº¡ÅéÒÁà¹×éÍ
¤.È. 1878 - Ph.D. ¤¹áÃ¡ã¹ÊÒ¢Ò "psychology" ¤×Í Granville Stanley Hall «Öè§¨º¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¨Ò¡ Harvard University
¤.È. 1878 - Paul Broca µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº "great limbic lobe"
¤.È. 1878 - W.R. Gowers µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹ Unilateral Gunshot Injury to the Spinal Cord
¤.È. 1878 - Harmon Northrop Morse ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì acetaminophen (paracetamol)
¤.È. 1878 - Louis-Antoine Ranvier Í¸ÔºÒÂÃÍÂµèÍÃÐËÇèÒ§ myelin sheath º¹áÍ¡«Í¹«Öè§àÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ nodes of Ranvier
¤.È. 1879 - Camillo Golgi Í¸ÔºÒÂ "musculo-tendineous organs" «Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ "Golgi tendon organs"
¤.È. 1879 - Hermann Munk ¹ÓàÊ¹Í¢éÍÁÙÅ·Ò§¡ÒÂÇÔÀÒ¤¢Í§ optic chiasm
¤.È. 1879 - William Crookes »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì cathode ray tube
¤.È. 1880 - Jean Baptiste Edouard Gelineau àÃÔèÁãªé¤ÓÇèÒ "narcolepsy"
¤.È. 1880 - Friedrich Sigmund Merkel Í¸ÔºÒÂ free nerve endings «Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ "Merkel's corpuscles"
¤.È. 1883 - Sir Victor Horsley Í¸ÔºÒÂ¼Å¢Í§ nitrous oxide ã¹¡ÒÃ·ÓãËéÊÅº (anesthesia)
¤.È. 1883 - Emil Kraepelin ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ neuroses áÅÐ psychoses
¤.È. 1884 - Franz Nissl Í¸ÔºÒÂ endoplasmic reticulum ·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ "Nissl Substance"
¤.È. 1884 - Karl Koller ¤é¹¾ºÄ·¸ì·ÓãËéÃÙéÊÖ¡ªÒ¢Í§ÂÒ cocaine
¤.È. 1884 - Georges Gilles de la Tourette Í¸ÔºÒÂ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔã¹¡ÒÃà¤Å×èÍ¹äËÇ (movement disorders) ËÅÒÂª¹Ô´
¤.È. 1884 - Theodor Meynert µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì A Clinical Treatise on the Diseases of the Forebrain
¤.È. 1885 - Paul Ehrlich ãËé¢éÍÊÑ§à¡µÇèÒ intravenous dye äÁèÊÒÁÒÃ¶ÂéÍÁà¹×éÍàÂ×èÍÊÁÍ§ä´é
¤.È. 1885 - Carl Weigert ¹ÓÊÕ hematoxylin à¾×èÍÂéÍÁ´ÙàÂ×èÍäÁÍÔÅÕ¹
¤.È. 1885 - Ludwig Edinger Í¸ÔºÒÂ Edinger-Westphal nucleus
¤.È. 1885 - Hermann Ebbinghaus µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì On Memory
¤.È. 1886 - V. Marchi µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¢Ñé¹µÍ¹¡ÒÃÂéÍ§ÊÕ degenerating myelin
¤.È. 1887 - Sergei Korsakoff Í¸ÔºÒÂÅÑ¡É³ÐÍÒ¡ÒÃ·Õèà´è¹ªÑ´ã¹¤¹·ÕèµÔ´àËÅéÒ (alcoholics)
¤.È. 1887 ¡èÍµÑé§ The National Institutes of Health
¤.È. 1888 - William Gill Í¸ÔºÒÂ anorexia nervosa
¤.È. 1888 - William W. Keen, Jr. à»ç¹á¾·Âì¤¹áÃ¡·Õè¼èÒàÍÒ intracranial meningioma ÍÍ¡
¤.È. 1888 - Hans Chiari introduces the term "syringomyelia"
¤.È. 1888 - Giovanni Martinotti Í¸ÔºÒÂ cortical cells later known as "Martinotti cells"
¤.È. 1889 - Santiago Ramon y Cajal áÂé§ÇèÒ nerve cells à»ç¹Ë¹èÇÂÂèÍÂ¾×é¹°Ò¹·Õèà»ç¹ÍÔÊÃÐ
¤.È. 1889 - William His ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒà´¹ä´Ãµì dendrite
¤.È. 1889 - Sir Victor Horsley µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì somatotopic map ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ motor cortex ã¹ÅÔ§
¤.È. 1889 - Carlo Martinotti Í¸ÔºÒÂ cortical neuron ·ÕèÁÕ ascending axon µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Martinotti cell

¤.È. 1889 - F.C. Muller-Lyer ¤é¹¾º the Muller-Lyer illusion
¤.È. 1890 - Wilhelm Ostwald ¤é¹¾º membrane theory of nerve conduction
¤.È. 1890 - William James µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Principles of Psychology
¤.È. 1891 - H. Quincke àÃÔèÁãªéà·¤¹Ô¤ lumbar puncture
¤.È. 1891 - Wilhelm von Waldeyer ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ neuron
¤.È. 1891 - Heinrich Quinke ¾Ñ²¹Ò lumbar puncture (spinal tap)
¤.È. 1892 - Arnold Pick first Í¸ÔºÒÂ "Pick's disease"
¤.È. 1893 - Paul Emil Flechsig ¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ myelinization ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§
¤.È. 1893 - Charles Scott Sherrington ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ proprioceptive
¤.È. 1894 - Franz Nissl ÂéÍÁà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·´éÇÂÊÕ dahlia violet
¤.È. 1894 - Margaret Floy Washburn à»ç¹¼ÙéËÔ§¤¹áÃ¡·ÕèÊÓàÃç¨ Ph.D in psychology
¨Ò¡ Cornell University

¤.È. 1895 - William His ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ hypothalamus
¤.È. 1895 - Wilhelm Konrad Roentgen »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ìà¤Ã×èÍ§ X-ray
¤.È. 1895 - Heinrick Quincke ´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃ lumbar puncture à¾×èÍÈÖ¡ÉÒ cerebrospinal fluid
¤.È. 1895 - Formalization of the cranial nerve number system µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìã¹ÇÒÃÊÒÃ Basle Nomina Anatomica
¤.È. 1896 - Rudolph Albert von Kolliker ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ axon
¤.È. 1896 - Camillo Golgi ¤é¹¾º Golgi apparatus
¤.È. 1896 - Joseph Babinski Í¸ÔºÒÂ the Babinski Sign
¤.È. 1896 - Emil Kraeplein Í¸ÔºÒÂ dementia praecox
¤.È. 1897 - Ivan Petrovich Pavlov µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºÊÃÕÃÇÔ·ÂÒ¡ÒÃÂèÍÂÍÒËÒÃ
¤.È. 1897 - Karl Ferdinand Braun »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì oscilloscope
¤.È. 1897 - John Jacob Abel Ê¡Ñ´áÂ¡ adrenalin
¤.È. 1897 - Charles Scott Sherrington ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ synapse
¤.È. 1897 - Ferdinand Blum ãªé formaldehyde à»ç¹ÊÒÃ¤§ÃÙ»ÊÁÍ§ (brain fixative)
¤.È. 1897 - Felix Hoffmann ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËìáÍÊä¾ÃÔ¹ (aspirin) ËÃ×Í Acetylsalicylic acid
¤.È. 1898 - Charles Scott Sherrington Í¸ÔºÒÂ decerebrate rigidity ã¹áÁÇ
¤.È. 1898 - Edward Lee Thorndike Í¸ÔºÒÂ puzzle box
¤.È. 1898 - Bayer Drug Company ÇÒ§µÅÒ´ÂÒàÎâÃÍÕ¹ heroin ã¹°Ò¹Ð·Õèà»ç¹ÂÒá¡éäÍ·ÕèäÁè·ÓãËéàÊ¾µÔ´

¤.È. 1898 - John Newport Langley ºÑÑµÔ¤ÓÇèÒ autonomic nervous system
¤.È. 1898 - Angelo Ruffini Í¸ÔºÒÂ encapsulated nerve endings «Öè§µèÍÁÒàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Ruffini corpuscles
¤.È. 1899 - Francis Gotch Í¸ÔºÒÂ "refractory phase"
¤.È. 1899 - Bayer AG ÇÒ§µÅÒ´ÂÒáÍÊä¾ÃÔ¹
¤.È. 1899 - Karl Gustav August Bier ãªéÂÒ cocaine à¾×èÍÇÒ§ÊÅº·Ò§ä¢ÊÑ¹ËÅÑ§ (intraspinal anesthesia)

¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1900 - ¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1950

¤.È. 1900 - Sigmund Freud µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Interpretation of Dreams
¤.È. 1900 - Charles Scott Sherrington ¡ÅèÒÇÇèÒ«ÕÃÕàºÅÅÑÁ cerebellum à»ç¹ÈÙ¹ÂìºÑªÒ¡ÒÃËÅÑ¡¢Í§ proprioceptive system
¤.È. 1900 - M. Lewandowsky à»ç¹¼ÙéºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì "blood-brain barrier"
¤.È. 1902 - Julius Bernstein ¹ÓàÊ¹Í·ÄÉ¯ÕàÂ×èÍËØéÁ¢Í§à«ÅÅì (membrane theory for cells)
¤.È. 1902 - Ida Hyde à»ç¹¹Ñ¡ÊÃÕÃÇÔ·ÂÒËÔ§ªÒÇÍàÁÃÔ¡Ñ¹¤¹áÃ¡·Õèä´éÃÑº¡ÒÃáµè§µÑé§¨Ò¡ American Physiological Society
¤.È. 1903 - Ivan Pavlov à»ç¹¼ÙéºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì conditioned reflex
¤.È. 1903 - Alfred Walter Campbell ÈÖ¡ÉÒâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§ÀÒÂã¹à«ÅÅì (cytoarchitecture) ¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹anthropoid cerebral cortex
¤.È. 1904 ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËìÂÒ Procaine
¤.È. 1905 - Alfred Binet áÅÐ Theodore Simon ¤Ô´¤é¹ intelligence test à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1905 - John Newport Langley à»ç¹¼ÙéµÑé§ÇÅÕ "parasympathetic nervous system"
¤.È. 1906 - Alois Alzheimer à»ç¹¼ÙéÍ¸ÔºÒÂ presenile degeneration
¤.È. 1906 - Golgi áÅÐ Cajal ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÍ¸ÔºÒÂâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§ÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1906 - Sir Charles Scott Sherrington µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Integrative Action of the Nervous system «Öè§Í¸ÔºÒÂä«á¹»Êì (synapse) áÅÐÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ÊÑè§¡ÒÃ (motor cortex)
¤.È. 1907 - Ross Granville Harrison à»ç¹¼ÙéÍ¸ÔºÒÂÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃà¾ÒÐàÅÕéÂ§à¹×éÍàÂ×èÍ (tissue culture methods)
¤.È. 1907 - John Newport Langley à»ç¹¼ÙéàÃÔèÁãËéá¹Ç¤Ô´¢Í§âÁàÅ¡ØÅµÑÇÃÑº (receptor molecules)
¤.È. 1908 - Vladimir Bekhterew à»ç¹¼ÙéÍ¸ÔºÒÂ superior nucleus ¢Í§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ· vestibular nerve «Öè§µèÍÁÒÁÕª×èÍàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ Bekhterew's nucleus
¤.È. 1908 - Victor Alexander Haden Horsley áÅÐ Robert Henry Clarke ÍÍ¡áººà¤Ã×èÍ§Á×Í·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ stereotaxic instrument
¤.È. 1908 - Willem Einthoven ãªé string galvanometer à¾×èÍ·´ÅÍ§ºÑ¹·Ö¡¢éÍÁÙÅ¢Í§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÇÒ¡ÑÊ (vagus nerve)
¤.È. 1909 - Harvey Cushing à»ç¹¤¹áÃ¡·Õè¡ÃÐµØé¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ human sensory cortex â´ÂãªéËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ·Ò§ä¿¿éÒ
¤.È. 1909 - Korbinian Brodmann à»ç¹¼ÙéÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¶Ö§ºÃÔàÇ³¢Í§ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ cortical areas
52 áËè§

¤.È. 1909 - Karl Jaspers µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í General Mental Illness
¤.È. 1910 - Emil Kraepelin à»ç¹¼ÙéµÑé§ª×èÍâÃ¤ Alzheimer's disease
¤.È. 1911 - Allvar Gullstrand ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§µÒã¹¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹ (Optics of the eye)
¤.È. 1911 - Eugen Bleuler à»ç¹¼ÙéºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì schizophrenia
¤.È. 1911 - George Barger áÅÐ Henry Dale ¤é¹¾ºÊÒÃ norepinephrine (noradrenaline)
¤.È. 1913 - Santiago Ramon y Cajal ¾Ñ²¹ÒÇÔ¸Õ¡ÒÃÂéÍÁÊÕáºº gold chloride-mercury stain à¾×èÍµÃÇ¨ÊÍÅâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§ astrocytes
¤.È. 1913 - Edwin Ellen Goldmann ¾ºÇèÒâÁàÅ¡ØÅ¢¹Ò´ãËèäÁèÊÒÁÒÃ¶¼èÒ¹ blood brain barrier ä´éÍÂèÒ§ÍÔÊÃÐ
¤.È. 1913 - Edgar Douglas Adrian µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Íà¡ÕèÂÇ¡ÑºËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ all-or-none principle ¢Í§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1913 - Walter Samuel Hunter ¤Ô´¤é¹ delayed-response test
¤.È. 1914 - Robert Barany ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ Vestibular apparatus ã¹ËÙªÑé¹ã¹
¤.È. 1914 - Henry H. Dale áÂ¡ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ· acetylcholine ä´éÊÓàÃç¨
¤.È. 1915 - J.G. Dusser De Barenne Í¸ÔºÒÂÅÑ¡É³Ð¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ÊÁÍ§àÁ×èÍãËéÊÒÃ strychnine

¤.È. 1915 ÂÒáÍÊä¾ÃÔ¹ Aspirin ¡ÅÒÂà»ç¹ÂÒ·ÕèäÁèµéÍ§ãªéãºÊÑè§á¾·Âì

¤.È. 1916 - Richard Henneberg ºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì cataplexy
¤.È. 1916 - George Guillain, Jean Alexander Barre áÅÐ Andre Strohl ÃèÇÁ¡Ñ¹Í¸ÔºÒÂÍÒ¡ÒÃ acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (Guillain-Barre Syndrome)
¤.È. 1916 - Shinobu Ishihara µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹á¼è¹ÀÒ¾·ÕèãªéµÃÇ¨ÊÍº¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹ÀÒ¾ÊÕ

¤.È. 1918 - Walter E. Dandy ÃÔàÃÔèÁãËéá¹Ç¤Ô´ ventriculography
¤.È. 1919 - Cecile Vogt Í¸ÔºÒÂÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ cortical areas ÁÒ¡¡ÇèÒ 200 ºÃÔàÇ³
¤.È. 1919 - Walter E. Dandy ÃÔàÃÔèÁãËéá¹Ç¤Ô´ air encephalography
¤.È. 1919 - Gordon Morgan Holmes ÃÐºØºÃÔàÇ³·ÕèÃÑº¼Ô´ªÍº¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹·ÕèÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ striate area
¤.È. 1919 - Pio del Rio Hortega áºè§»ÃÐàÀ·¢Í§ neuroglia ÍÍ¡à»ç¹ microglia áÅÐoligodendroglia
¤.È. 1920 ¡èÍµÑé§ Society of Neurological Surgeons
¤.È. 1920 - Henry Head µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì Studies in Neurology
¤.È. 1920 - Stephen Walter Ranson áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹¶Ö§¤ÇÒÁàª×èÍÁâÂ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§ hypothalamus ¡Ñºpituitary
¤.È. 1921 - Otto Loewi µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹ã¹ Vagusstoff
¤.È. 1921 - Hermann Rorschach ¾Ñ²¹ÒªØ´µÃÇ¨ÊÍº inkblot test
¤.È. 1921 - John Augustus Larsen áÅÐ Leonard Keeler ¾Ñ²¹Ò polygraph
¤.È. 1921 - del Rio Hortega ãËé¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂ microglia
¤.È. 1924 - Charles Scott Sherrington ¤é¹¾º stretch reflex
¤.È. 1925 - C. von Economo áÅÐ G.N. Koskinas »ÃÑºà»ÅÕèÂ¹¡ÒÃãËéª×èÍÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ cerebral cortex µÓáË¹è§µèÒ§æ µÒÁá¹Ç¤Ô´¢Í§ Brodmann

¤.È. 1926 - Percival Bailey áÅÐ Harvey Cushing µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìÃÒÂ§Ò¹§Ò¹ÇÔ¨ÑÂà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº neuroepithelial neoplasms
¤.È. 1927 - Chester William Darrow ÈÖ¡ÉÒ galvanic skin reflex

¤.È. 1928 - Philip Bard àÊ¹ÍÇèÒ¡Åä¡·Ò§»ÃÐÊÒ·¢Í§¤ÇÒÁâÁâËâ¡Ã¸Ò¹Ñé¹à¡Ô´¢Öé¹ã¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ diencephalon
¤.È. 1928 - Walter Rudolph Hess ÃÒÂ§Ò¹ "affective responses" àÁ×èÍ¡ÃÐµØé¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹äÎâ»¸ÒÅÒÁÑÊ (hypothalamic stimulation)
¤.È. 1928 - John Fulton µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¢éÍÊÑ§à¡µàÃ×èÍ§àÊÕÂ§¢Í§¡ÃÐáÊàÅ×Í´·ÕèäËÅ¼èÒ¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ visual cortex
¤.È. 1929 - Hans Berger µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¡ÒÃ¤é¹¾º electroencephalogram ¢Í§Á¹ØÉÂìà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1929 - Karl Lashley ãËé¤Ó¨Ó¡Ñ´¤ÇÒÁ¤ÓÇèÒ "equipotentiality" áÅÐ "mass action"
¤.È. 1927 - J. Wagner-Jauregg ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒàÃ×èÍ§ Malaria to treat dementia paralyses
¤.È. 1928 - Edgar Douglas Adrian µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì The Basis of Sensation
¤.È. 1929 - Joseph Erlanger and Herbert Spencer Gasser µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº¤ÇÒÁÊÑÁ¾Ñ¹¸ìÃÐËÇèÒ§¢¹Ò´àÊé¹ãÂ»ÃÐÊÒ·¡Ñºº·ºÒ·Ë¹éÒ·Õè

¤.È. 1929 - Walter B. Cannon ºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì homeostasis
¤.È. 1930 - John Carew Eccles áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒ flexor reflexes ÊÒÁÒÃ¶¶Ù¡ÂÑºÂÑé§¨Ò¡ÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·ÊèÇ¹¡ÅÒ§
¤.È. 1931 - Ulf Svante von Euler áÅÐ J.H. Gaddum ¤é¹¾ºÊÒÃ substance P
¤.È. 1932 - Max Knoll áÅÐ Ernst Ruska »ÃÐ´ÔÉ°ì electron microscope
¤.È. 1932 - Jan Friedrich Tonnies ¾Ñ²¹Òà¤Ã×èÍ§Á×Í·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ multichannel ink-writing EEG machine
¤.È. 1932 - Edgar Douglas Adrian áÅÐ Charles S. Sherrington ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1932 - Jan Friedrich Toennies áÅÐ Brian Matthews ÍÍ¡áºº differential amplifier
¤.È. 1932 - Smith, Kline and French ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËì amphetamine ä´éà»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡«Öè§ÍÒ¨àÃÕÂ¡ª×èÍÇèÒÂÒ Benzedrine
¤.È. 1933 - Ralph Waldo Gerard Í¸ÔºÒÂËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ experimental evoked potentials
¤.È. 1934 - S. Howard Bartley ÈÖ¡ÉÒ cortical visual evoked potentials ã¹¡ÃÐµèÒÂ
¤.È. 1935 ÂÒ Dexedrine (amphetamine) ¶Ù¡ãªéÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ§èÇ§µÅÍ´àÇÅÒ·ÕèàÃÕÂ¡ÇèÒ narcolepsy
¤.È. 1935 - Frederic Bremer ¹ÓÇÔ¸Õ cerveau isole preparation à¾×èÍÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃ¹Í¹ËÅÑº
¤.È. 1936 - Egas Moniz µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ human frontal lobotomy
¤.È. 1936 - Henry Hallett Dale áÅÐ Otto Loewi ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃÊè§¼èÒ¹·Ò§à¤ÁÕ (chemical transmission) ÃÐËÇèÒ§àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1936 - Walter Freeman ´Óà¹Ô¹¡ÒÃ·Ó lobotomy à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡ã¹ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò
¤.È. 1937 - James Papez µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ limbic circuit
¤.È. 1936 - Massachusetts General Hospital ÁÕËéÍ§»¯ÔºÑµÔ¡ÒÃ EEG à»ç¹áËè§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1937 - Heinrich Kluver áÅÐ Paul Bucy µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ bilateral temporal lobectomies
¤.È. 1937 - James W. Papez ¾Ñ²¹Ò "visceral theory" of emotion
¤.È. 1937 - John Zachary Young àÊ¹ÍÇèÒ squid giant axon ÊÒÁÒÃ¶ãªéà¾×èÍÍ¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1938 - Isador Rabi ºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì "magnetic resonance"
¤.È. 1938 - B.F. Skinner µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ The Behavior of Organisms «Öè§Í¸ÔºÒÂËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ operant conditioning
¤.È. 1938 - Albert Hofmann ÊÑ§à¤ÃÒÐËìÊÒÃ LSD
¤.È. 1938 - Ugo Cerletti áÅÐ Lucino Bini ÃÑ¡ÉÒ¼Ùé»èÇÂ´éÇÂà·¤¹Ô¤ electroshock
¤.È. 1938 - Franz Kallmann µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Genetics of Schizophrenia
¤.È. 1939 - Carl Pfaffman Í¸ÔºÒÂ mechanoreceptors ã¹áÁÇ
¤.È. 1939 - Nathaniel Kleitman µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í Sleep and Wakefulness
¤.È. 1942 - Stephen Kuffler ¾Ñ²¹Ò single nerve-muscle fiber preparation
¤.È. 1943 - John Raymond Brobeck Í¸ÔºÒÂ hypothalamic hyperphasia
¤.È. 1944 - Joseph Erlanger áÅÐ Herbert Spencer Gasser ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ single nerve fiber
¤.È. 1946 - Theodor Rasmussen Í¸ÔºÒÂ olivocochlear bundle (bundle of Rasmussen)
¤.È. 1948 - ¡èÍµÑé§Í§¤ì¡ÒÃÍ¹ÒÁÑÂâÅ¡ (World Health Organization)
¤.È. 1949 - Kenneth Cole ¾Ñ²¹Òà·¤¹Ô¤ voltage clamp
¤.È. 1949 - A.C.A.F. Egas Moniz ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¼Å§Ò¹¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ·Ò§¨ÔµàÇªºÒ§ª¹Ô´
¤.È. 1949 - Walter Rudolph Hess ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ "Interbrain"
¤.È. 1949 - Horace Winchell Magoun ãËé¤Ó¨Ó¡Ñ´¤ÇÒÁà¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº reticular activating system
¤.È. 1949 - John Cade ¤é¹¾ºÇèÒ lithium ÁÕ»ÃÐÊÔ·¸ÔÀÒ¾ã¹¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒ bipolar depression
¤.È. 1949 - Giuseppi Moruzzi áÅÐ Horace Winchell Magoun µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í Brain Stem Reticular Formation and Activation of the EEG
¤.È. 1949 - National Institute of Mental Health ¶Ù¡¡èÍµÑé§ÍÂèÒ§à»ç¹·Ò§¡ÒÃ
¤.È. 1949 - Donald Olding Hebb µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory

¤ÃÔÊµÈÑ¡ÃÒª 1950 - ¶Ö§»Ñ¨¨ØºÑ¹

¤.È. 1950 - Karl Lashley µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ìË¹Ñ§Ê×Í "In Search of the Engram"
¤.È. 1950 - Eugene Roberts áÅÐ J. Awapara ¤é¹¾º GABA ã¹ÊÁÍ§
¤.È. 1950 ¡èÍµÑé§ The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

¤.È. 1951 àÃÔèÁãªé MAO-inhibitors ÃÑ¡ÉÒ¼Ùé»èÇÂ¨ÔµàÇª
¤.È. 1951 - B.F. Skinner describes shaping in a paper titled How to Teach Animals
¤.È. 1952 - Alan Lloyd Hodgkin áÅÐ Andrew Fielding Huxley ãËé¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂ the voltage clamp
¤.È. 1953 - Brenda Milner ÍÀÔ»ÃÒÂ¼Ùé»èÇÂ·Õèª×èÍ HM «Öè§à¡Ô´ÀÒÇÐÊÙàÊÕÂ¤ÇÒÁ¨Ó¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¼èÒµÑ´ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹ÎÔ»â»á¤Á»ÑÊ
¤.È. 1953 - Eugene Aserinski áÅÐ Nathaniel Kleitman Í¸ÔºÒÂ rapid eye movements (REM) ã¹ÃÐËÇèÒ§¡ÒÃ¹Í¹ËÅÑº
¤.È. 1953 - H. Kluver áÅÐ E. Barrera àÃÔèÁãªéà·¤¹Ô¤ Luxol fast blue MBS stain
¤.È. 1953 - Stephen Kuffler µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹à¡ÕèÂÇ¡Ñº center-surround áÅÐ on-off organization of retinal ganglion cell receptive fields
¤.È. 1954 - James Olds ãËé¤ÓÍ¸ÔºÒÂ rewarding effects àÁ×èÍ¡ÃÐµØé¹ÊÁÍ§ÊèÇ¹äÎâ»¸ÒÅÒÁÑÊ
¤.È. 1954 - John Lilly invents the "isolation tank"
¤.È. 1954 Í§¤ì¡ÒÃÍÒËÒÃáÅÐÂÒ »ÃÐà·ÈÊËÃÑ°ÍàÁÃÔ¡Ò Í¹ØÁÑµÔ¡ÒÃãªéÅÔ§ Chlorpromazine
¤.È. 1956 - L. Leksell ãªé ultrasound à¾×èÍµÃÇ¨¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ÊÁÍ§
¤.È. 1956 - Rita Levi-Montalcini áÅÐ Stanley Cohen ÊÒÁÒÃ¶Ê¡Ñ´áÂ¡ nerve growth factor áÅÐ·ÓãËéºÃÔÊØ·¸Ôìä´é
¤.È. 1957 - W. Penfield áÅÐ T. Rasmussen ÊÃéÒ§á¼¹ÀÒ¾ motor and sensory homunculus
¤.È. 1957 - The American Medical Association ÂÍÁÃÑºÇèÒ alcoholism ¶×Íà»ç¹âÃ¤ª¹Ô´Ë¹Öè§
¤.È. 1958 àÃÔèÁãªé Haloperidol à»ç¹ neuroleptic drug
¤.È. 1959 - P. Karlson áÅÐ M. Lusher ºÑÑµÔÈÑ¾·ì "pheromone"
¤.È. 1960 - Oleh Hornykiewicz ÃÒÂ§Ò¹ÇèÒÃÐ´Ñºâ´»ÒÁÕ¹ã¹ÊÁÍ§¢Í§¼Ùé»èÇÂâÃ¤¾ÒÃì¡Ô¹ÊÑ¹µèÓ¡ÇèÒ¤¹»¡µÔ

¤.È. 1961 - Georg Von Bekesy ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ cochlea
¤.È. 1961 ãªéÂÒ Levadopa ÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ parkinsonism ä´éà»ç¹¼ÅÊÓàÃç¨
¤.È. 1962 - Eldon Foltz ãªéÇÔ¸Õ cingulotomy à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡à¾×èÍÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡ÒÃ»Ç´àÃ×éÍÃÑ§
¤.È. 1963 - John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin áÅÐ Andrew Fielding Huxley ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡Åä¡¢Í§àÂ×èÍËØéÁà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·
¤.È. 1965 - Ronald Melzack áÅÐ Patrick D. Wall µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì gate control theory of pain
¤.È. 1965 ÁÕ¡¯ËÁÒÂ Drug Abuse Control Act
¤.È. 1967 - Ragnar Arthur Granit, Halden Keffer Hartline áÅÐ George Wald ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡Åä¡¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹
¤.È. 1968 - Alexander Romanovich Luria µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì The Mind of a Mnemonist; A Little Book About a Vast Memory
¤.È. 1969 - D.V. Reynolds Í¸ÔºÒÂ¼ÅÅ´¤ÇÒÁà¨çº»Ç´¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¡ÃÐµØé¹´éÇÂä¿¿éÒ·ÕèºÃÔàÇ³ periaqueductal gray
¤.È. 1970 - The Society for Neuroscience ¶Ù¡¡èÍµÑé§¢Öé¹
¤.È. 1970 - Julius Axelrod, Bernard Katz and Ulf Svante von Euler ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·

¤.È. 1972 - Godfrey N. Hounsfield ¾Ñ²¹Òà·¤¹Ô¤ x-ray computed tomography
¤.È. 1973 - Candace Pert áÅÐ Solomon Snyder áÊ´§ãËéàËç¹ÇèÒÁÕ opioid receptors ã¹ÊÁÍ§1973 - àÃÔèÁãªéÂÒSinemet ã¹¡ÒÃÃÑ¡ÉÒâÃ¤¾ÒÃì¡Ô¹ÊÑ¹
¤.È. 1973 - Konrad Z. Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen áÅÐ Karl von Frisch ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ ethology
¤.È. 1973 - Timothy Bliss áÅÐ Terje Lomo Í¸ÔºÒÂ¡ÒÃà¡Ô´ long-term potentiation
¤.È. 1974 ¡èÍµÑé§ National Institute on Drug Abuse
¤.È. 1974 ¡èÍµÑé§ International Association for the Study of Pain
¤.È. 1974 - John Hughes áÅÐ Hans Kosterlitz ¤é¹¾º enkephalin
¤.È. 1974 - M.E.Phelps, E.J.Hoffman áÅÐ M.M.Ter Pogossian ¾Ñ²¹Òà¤Ã×èÍ§ PET scanner à»ç¹¤ÃÑé§áÃ¡
¤.È. 1975 - John Hughes and áÅÐ Hans Kosterlitz µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ enkephalins
¤.È. 1976 - Choh Hao Li áÅÐ David Chung µÕ¾ÔÁ¾ì¼Å§Ò¹àÃ×èÍ§ beta-endorphin
¤.È. 1976 - Erwin Neher áÅÐ Bert Sakmann ¾Ñ²¹Òà·¤¹Ô¤ patch-clamp technique
¤.È. 1977 - Roger Guillemin áÅÐ Andrew Victor ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ peptides ã¹ÊÁÍ§
¤.È. 1981 - David Hunter Hubel áÅÐ Torsten N. Wiesel ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒÃÐºº¡ÒÃÁÍ§àËç¹
¤.È. 1981 - Roger Wolcott Sperry ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃ·Ó§Ò¹¢Í§ brain hemispheres
¤.È. 1982 - Bengt Ingemar Bergstrom, John Robert Vane áÅÐ Sune K. Bergstrom ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¤é¹¾º prostaglandins
¤.È. 1986 - Stanley Cohen áÅÐ Rita Levi-Montalcini ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒ¡ÒÃ¤Çº¤ØÁ¡ÒÃàµÔºâµ¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·

¤.È. 1987 ÃÔèÁãªéÂÒ Fluoxetine (Prozac) ÃÑ¡ÉÒâÃ¤«ÖÁàÈÃéÒ (depression)
¤.È. 1990 - »ÃÐ¸Ò¹¸Ôº´Õ George Bush »ÃÐ¡ÒÈãËé·ÈÇÃÃÉ¹ÕéµÑé§áµè»Õ 1990 à»ç¹ "Decade of the Brain"
¤.È. 1991 - Erwin Neher áÅÐ Bert Sakmann ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡ÈÖ¡ÉÒË¹éÒ·Õè¢Í§ªèÍ§äÍÍÍ¹ (ion channel)
¤.È. 1993 - ¤é¹¾ºÂÕ¹·Õè·ÓãËéà¡Ô´âÃ¤ÎÑ¹µÔ§µÑ¹ (Huntington's disease)
¤.È. 1994 - Alfred G. Gilman áÅÐ Martin Rodbell ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¤é¹¾ºµÑÇÃÑºª¹Ô´·Õè¨ÑºÍÂÙè¡Ñºâ»ÃµÕ¹¨Õ (G-protein coupled receptors) áÅÐº·ºÒ·¢Í§ÁÑ¹ã¹¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ¶èÒÂ·Í´ÊÑÒ³ (signal transduction) ¢Í§à«ÅÅì
¤.È. 1997 - Stanley B. Prusiner ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¤é¹¾ºâ»ÃµÕ¹ä¾ÃÍÍ¹ (prions) «Öè§¶×ÍÇèÒà»ç¹¡ÒÃ¤é¹¾ºËÅÑ¡¡ÒÃ·Ò§ªÕÇÀÒ¾¢Í§¡ÒÃµÔ´àª×éÍáººãËÁè
¤.È. 2000 - Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard áÅÐ Eric Kandel ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¤é¹¾º¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ·Õèà¡ÕèÂÇà¹×èÍ§¡Ñº¡ÃÐºÇ¹¡ÒÃ¶èÒÂ·Í´ÊÑÒ³ã¹ÃÐºº»ÃÐÊÒ·

¤.È. 2004 - Linda B. Buck and Richard Axel ä´éÃÑºÃÒ§ÇÑÅâ¹àºÅ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃ¤é¹¾ºµÑÇÃÑº¡ÅÔè¹ (odorant receptors) áÅÐ¡ÒÃ¨Ñ´ÃÐàºÕÂºâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§ÃÐºº¡ÒÃÃÑº¡ÅÔè¹

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