School of Neuroscience for Thai Youth

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ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹¨Ñ´à»ç¹ essential micronutrients ¡ÅèÒǤ×Í à»ç¹ÊÒÃÍÒËÒ÷Õèµéͧ¡ÒÃã¹»ÃÔÁÒ³¹éÍÂáµèÁÕ¤ÇÒÁ¨Óà»ç¹µéͧä´éÃѺ ËÒ¡ÃèÒ§¡ÒÂä´éÃѺÊÒÃàËÅèÒ¹ÕéäÁèà¾Õ§¾Í (vitamin deficiency) ¡ç¨Ð·ÓãËéäÁèÊÒÁÒö·Ó§Ò¹ä´éà»ç¹»¡µÔ¨¹¶Ö§ÍÒ¨·ÓãËéà¡Ô´âäÀѵèÒ§æ ä´é ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ÁÕº·ºÒ·µèÍ¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§ÊÁͧ·Ñé§ã¹ÁËÀÒ¤àªè¹ ÁÕÊèǹ㹡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÊÃéÒ§¾Åѧ§Ò¹ãËé¡ÑºÊÁͧ ÁռŵèÍ¡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ҧ¨ÔµáÅоĵԡÃÃÁ (mental and bahavioural process) ÃÇÁ·Ñé§ÁÕÊèǹÊӤѭ㹡Ԩ¡ÃÃÁ·Ò§»Ñ­­Ò (cognitive performance) àÁ×èÍàÃÒÁͧº·ºÒ·¢Í§ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ã¹ÃдѺ¨ØÅÀÒ¤áÅéÇ¡ç¨Ð¾ºÇèÒÇÔµÒÁÔ¹à»ç¹ÊÒ÷Õèà«ÅÅìã¹Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ· àªè¹ à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·(neuron) áÅÐà«ÅÅìà¡ÅÕ (glial cell)  µéͧ¡ÒÃãªé㹡Ãкǹ¡Ò÷ҧÊÃÕÃÇÔ·ÂÒ¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§à«ÅÅì àªè¹ ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹à»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì (co-enzyme) 㹡Ãкǹ¡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËìÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ· (neurotransmitter) à»ç¹µé¹

1. ¡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ· (Neurotransmitter Synthesis)

ͧ¤ì¤ÇÒÁÃÙéà¡ÕèÂǡѺ˹éÒ·Õè¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§ÊÁͧ¹Ñé¹ÊèǹãË­èÅéǹä´éÁÒ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒͧ¤ì»ÃСͺ¾×é¹°Ò¹¢Í§Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ·  ¤×Í à«ÅÅìã¹Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ·áÅСÒÃÊè§ÊÑ­­Ò³·Ò§»ÃÐÊÒ· «Ö觡ÒÃÊ觢éÍÁÙżèÒ¹ä«á¹»Êìà¤ÁÕ (chemical synapse) ¹Ñé¹µéͧãªéÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·à»ç¹àÊÁ×͹¢éÍÁÙÅ·ÕèµÔ´µè͡ѹÃÐËÇèÒ§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·¡è͹ä«á¹»Êì (presynaptic neuron) áÅÐà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·ËÅѧä«á¹»Êì (postsynaptic neuron)  ¤ÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔáÅÐâä¢Í§Ãкº»ÃÐÊÒ·µèÒ§æ «Öè§ä´éá¡èâä·Ò§»ÃÐÊÒ· (Neurological disorders) àªè¹ âäÅÁªÑ¡ âä¾ÒÃì¡Ô¹Êѹ áÅÐâäÍÑÅä«àÁÍÃì à»ç¹µé¹ áÅÐâä·Ò§¨ÔµàǪ (Psychiatric disorders) àªè¹ âä«ÖÁàÈÃéÒ âäªÔâ«¿ÃÕà¹Õ áÅÐâä¡Ñ§ÇÅ à»ç¹µé¹ ÊÒà˵ؤÇÒÁ¼Ô´»¡µÔÊèǹ˹Ö觨֧ÊÒÁÒö͸ԺÒ´éǺ·ºÒ·¡Ò÷Ó˹éÒ·Õè¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·µèÒ§æ ·ÕèÍÍ¡Ä·¸ÔìᵡµèÒ§¡Ñ¹·Ñé§ã¹àªÔ§¡ÃеØé¹áÅÐÂѺÂÑé§

ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 ËÃ×Í Pyridoxal-5-phosphate (PLP) à»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì·ÕèÊӤѭ㹡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËìÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·ËÅÒª¹Ô´ »ÃСÒÃáá·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì¢Í§à͹ä«Áì glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) «Ö觷Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ÅÕ蹡ôÍÐÁÔ⹡ÅÙµÒÁÔ¡ (glutamic acid) ãËéà»ç¹ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·¡ÒºÒ (GABA) ËÃ×Í g-amino butyric acid «Öè§ÍÍ¡Ä·¸Ôìà»ç¹ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊҷẺÂѺÂÑé§ (inhibitory neurotransmitter) ¡Ò÷ӧҹà¢Í§à͹ä«Áìä·âëչäδÃÍ¡«ÔÅàÅÊ (tyrosine decarboxylase) Âѧµéͧ¡ÒÃÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 à¾×èÍ·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«ÁìÊÓËÃѺ»¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¡ÒÃà»ÅÕ蹡ôÍÐÁÔâ¹ä·âëչ (tyrosine) ãËéà»ç¹â´»ÒÁÕ¹ (dopamine) áÅÐÍдÃÕ¹ÒÅÕ¹ (noradrenaline) ÍÕ¡µÑ§ÍÂèÒ§¤×͡óբͧ tryptophan decarboxylase ·ÕèãªéÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 Âѧà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì㹡ÒÃà»ÅÕ蹡ôÍÐÁÔâ¹·ÃԻ⵿ҹ (tryptophan) ãËéà»ç¹«ÕâÃâµ¹Ô¹ (serotonin) ËÃ×ÍÍÒ¨àÃÕ¡ÇèÒ 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕÂѧà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì¢Í§ (histidine decarboxylase) ·Õèà»ÅÕ蹡ôÍÐÁÔâ¹ÎÕÊ·Õ´Õ¹ (histidine) ãËéà»ç¹ÎÕʵÒÁÕ¹ (histamine)

ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 5 (Nicotinamide) ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) à»ç¹â¤à͹ä«ÁìÊÓËÃѺà͹ä«Áì hepatic tryptophan pyrrolase «Ö觨Óà»ç¹ã¹¡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËìÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·«ÕâÃâµ¹Ô¹ ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹«Õ (Ascorbic acid) Âѧà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«ÁìÊÓËÃѺà͹ä«Áì dopamine b-hydroxylase, à͹ä«Áì dihydropterin reductase áÅÐà͹ä«Áì dopamine adenyl cyclase «Öè§à¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ㹡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËì¹ÍÃìÍдÃÕ¹ÒÅÕ¹áÅÐâ´»ÒÁÕ¹

ÊÓËÃѺ¡Ã´â¿ÅÔ¡ Folic acid áÅÐÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 12 ·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«ÁìÊÓËÃѺà͹ä«Áì catechol-O-methyl transferase «Ö觷Ó˹éÒ·ÕèÊÅÒÂÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·¹ÍÃìÍдÃÕ¹ÒÅÕ¹ (noradrenaline) áÅÐâ´»ÒÁչ㹪èͧÇèÒ§ÃÐËÇèÒ§ä«á¹»Êì·ÕèàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ synaptic cleft. â¿àŵ (Folate) ·Õèà»ç¹äÍÍ͹ź¢Í§¡Ã´â¿ÅÔ¡¡çÁÕÊèǹà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ㹡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËì tetrahydrobiopterin «Öè§à»ç¹â¤á¿¡àµÍÃì¨Óà»ç¹ã¹¡ÒÃà»ÅÕ蹡ôÍÐÁÔ⹿չÔÅÍÐÅÒ¹Õ¹ (phenylalanine) ãËéà»ç¹¡Ã´ÍÐÁÔâ¹ä·âëչ áÅÐàµÔÁËÁÙè hydroxyl ãËé¡Ñº¡Ã´ÍÐÁÔâ¹ä·âëչáÅСôÍÐÁÔâ¹·ÃԻ⵿ҹãËéà»ç¹¹ÍÃìÍдÃÕ¹ÒÅÕ¹áÅÐâ´»ÒÁÕ¹ µÒÁÅӴѺ

¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé㹡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËìÍЫյÔÅâ¤à͹ä«ÁìàÍ (acetyl coenzyme A) ¡çµéͧ¡ÒáÅÙâ¤È (Glucose) áÅÐÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 1 (thiamin)  áÅÐàÁ×èÍâÁàÅ¡ØŢͧ ÍЫյÔÅâ¤à͹ä«ÁìàÍÃÇÁ¡Ñºâ¤ÅÕ¹ (choline) ¡ç¨Ðä´éÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·ÍЫԵÔÅâ¤ÅÕ¹ (acetylcholine) «Ö觻¯Ô¡ÔÃÔÂÒ¹ÕéàÃè§â´Âà͹ä«Áìâ¤ÅÕ¹ÍЫԵÔÅ·ÃÒ¹Êà¿ÍàÃÊ (choline acetyltransferase)

ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹·Õè¨Óà»ç¹ã¹¡ÒÃÊѧà¤ÃÒÐËìÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·

2. º·ºÒ·µèÍ¡ÒèѺµÑÇÃѺ¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ· (Neuronal Receptor Binding)

¡ÒÃÍÍ¡Ä·¸Ôì¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·à¡Ô´¨Ò¡âÁàÅ¡ØŢͧÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊҷ仨Ѻ¡ÑºµÑÇÃѺ·ÕèÍÂÙ躹àÂ×èÍËØéÁà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ· «Ö觵ÑÇÃѺ·Õè¡ÅèÒǶ֧¹ÕéÊÒÁÒö¨Ñ´áºè§à»ç¹Êͧ¡ÅØèÁËÅÑ¡ ¤×Í Ionotrophic receptor ·ÓãËéÁÕ¼Åã¹ÃÐÂÐÊÑ鹤×Íà¡Ô´¡ÒÃà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¡ÒëÖÁ¼èÒ¹¢Í§àÂ×èÍËØéÁà«ÅÅì áÅÐ metabotrophic receptor «Ö觷ÓãËéà¡Ô´¼ÅẺÃÐÂÐÂÒÇÁÕÇÔ¶ÕàÁµÒºÍÅÔ«ÖÁ·Õèà»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ ·Ñ駹ÕéµÑÇÃѺ¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·ÍÒ¨¾ºä´é·Ñ駷ÕèàÂ×èÍËØéÁ¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·¡è͹ä«á¹»Êì áÅÐà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·ËÅѧä«á¹»Êì

µÑÇÍÂèÒ§·ÕèàËç¹ä´éà´è¹ªÑ´¤×Í ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 «Öè§ÁռŵèÍ¡ÒèѺ¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·¡ÑºµÑÇÃѺËÅÒª¹Ô´ àÁ×è͵ÑÇÍè͹˹ٷÕèÍÂÙè㹤ÃÃÀì¢Ò´ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 ¡ç¨Ð·ÓãËéÃкº»ÃÐÊÒ·â´»ÒÁÕ¹¢Í§Å١˹ټԴ»¡µÔ àªè¹ ¨Ó¹Ç¹µÑÇÃѺⴻÒÁÕ¹ (dopamine receptor) à»ÅÕè¹á»Å§ à»ç¹µé¹ ÁÕÃÒ§ҹÇèÒÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 ã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ pyridoxal áÅÐ PLP ÊÒÁÒöÂѺÂÑ駡ÒèѺµÑÇÃѺ¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·¡ÒºÒ·Õèà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·ËÅѧä«á¹»Êìä´éÍÂèÒ§¨Óà¾ÒÐ «Ö觾ºÇèÒÅ١˹ٷÕè¢Ò´ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 ·ÓãËéÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·¡ÒºÒáÅÐÂÒ¡ÅØèÁ benzodiazepine ¨Ñº¡ÑºµÑÇÃѺä´éÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ 6 ¨ÐÁռŻÃѺà»ÅÕ蹤ÇÒÁÊÒÁÒö㹡ÒèѺµÑÇÃѺ¢Í§ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·áÅéÇÂѧ¾ºÇèÒÁռŵèÍÊÒáÅØèÁÊàµÕÂÃÍ´ì (steroids) ·Õè¨Ñº¡ÑºµÑÇÃѺÀÒÂã¹¹ÔÇà¤ÕÂÊ (nuclear receptors) ÍÕ¡´éÇÂ

º·ºÒ·µèÍ¡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§ªèͧäÍÍ͹ (Neuronal Membrane Ion channel)

à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·à¡×ͺ·Ñé§ËÁ´Ê×èÍÊÒáѹâ´ÂãªéÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ· â´ÂÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·à»ç¹ÊÑ­­Ò³à¤ÁÕ·Õè¶Ù¡ËÅÑ觨ҡà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·¡è͹ä«á¹»Êìà¾×èÍ仨Ѻ¡ÑºµÑÇÃѺ·Õèà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·ËÅѧä«á¹»Êì ¨Ò¡¹Ñ鹡ç¨Ðà¡Ô´¡ÒÃäËÅà¢éҢͧäÍÍ͹ª¹Ô´µèÒ§æ ¼èÒ¹·Ò§ªèͧäÍÍ͹¨¹à¡Ô´áÍ¡ªÑ¹â¾à·¹àªÕÂÅ áÅéÇÊÑ­­Ò³ä¿¿éÒ¢Öé¹Ê觼èÒ¹àÂ×èÍËØéÁ¢Í§à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊҷ仵ÒÁàÊé¹ãÂáÍ¡«Í¹à¾×è͹ÓÊÑ­­Ò³»ÃÐÊÒ·¹Ñ鹶èÒ·ʹãËé¡Ñºà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·Í×è¹æ·ÕèÍÂÙèã¡Åéà¤Õ§  

´Ñ§¹Ñ鹡Ò÷ӧҹ¢Í§ªèͧäÍÍ͹·ÕèàÂ×èÍËØéÁà«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·¨Ö§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭµèÍ¡ÒùÓÊÑ­­Ò³»ÃÐÊÒ· ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Öè§ÁÕ¤ÇÒÁÊӤѭµèÍ¡Ãкǹ¡Òôѧ¡ÅèÒǹÕé ¨Ò¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ¤ÇÒÁᵡµèÒ§¢Í§Í¹Ø¾Ñ¹¸ìáÅлÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Ö觷ÕèÍÂÙèã¹ÊÁͧ¾ºÇèÒ»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 4 à»ç¹ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕÍÔÊÃÐ (free thiamine) ¾ºÇèÒÍÂÙèã¹ÃÙ»¢Í§ thiamin monophosphate ÃéÍÂÅÐ 9 áÅÐÃéÍÂÅÐ 84 ÍÂÙèã¹ÃÙ» thiamin diphosphate «Ö觷Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹Õé»ÃÐÁÒ³ÃéÍÂÅÐ 3 ÍÂÙèã¹ÃÙ» thiamin triphosphate «Öè§à»ç¹ª¹Ô´·Õ辺ä´é੾ÒкÃÔàdzàÂ×èÍËØéÁà«ÅÅì¨Ö§¤Ò´ÇèÒ¹èÒ¨Ðà¡ÕèÂÇ¢éͧ¡Ñº¡ÒÃà¡Ô´¤ÇÒÁµèÒ§ÈÑ¡ÂìÃÐËÇèÒ§ÀÒÂ㹡ѺÀÒ¹͡à«ÅÅì»ÃÐÊÒ·  àÁ×èÍ·Ó¡Ò÷´Åͧá¡àÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·ÍÍ¡ÁÒÈÖ¡ÉҼŢͧÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Öè§ àÁ×èÍ©ÒÂáʧÃѧÊÕÍÑŵÃÒäÇâÍàŵ«Öè§ÊÒÁÒö·ÓÅÒÂâ¤Ã§ÊÃéÒ§¢Í§ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Ö觾ºÇèÒäÁèà¡Ô´ÈÑ¡Âìä¿¿éҢͧàÂ×èÍËØéÁáÅÐäÁèÁÕáÍ¡ªÑè¹â¾à·¹àªÕÂÅà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ áÅÐàÁ×èÍàµÔÁÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Öè§ã¹ÊÒÃÅÐÅÒ¢ͧàÊé¹»ÃÐÊÒ·¹Ñé¹ ¾ºÇèҤسÊÁºÑµÔ´Ñ§¡ÅèÒÇÊÒÁÒöà¡Ô´¢Öé¹ä´éÍÕ¡¤ÃÑé§ ¹Ñ¡ÇÔ·ÂÒÈÒʵÃì¨Ö§àª×èÍÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Öè§ÁÕº·ºÒ·ã¹¡ÒùÓÊÑ­­Ò³»ÃÐÊÒ·«Ö觹͡à˹×ͨҡ·Ó˹éÒ·Õèà»ç¹â¤à͹ä«Áì thiamin diphosphate ã¹ÇÔ¶ÖàÁµÒºÍÅÔ«ÖÁµÒÁ»¡µÔ ¹Í¡¨Ò¡¹ÕéÂѧÁÕÍÕ¡¡ÒÃÈÖ¡ÉÒ·Õ辺ÇèÒã¹Ë¹Ù·Õè¢Ò´ÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Öè§ÁÕ»ÃÔÁÒ³¢Í§ thiamin triphosphate à»ÅÕè¹á»Å§¹éÍÂÁÒ¡à»ÃÕºà·Õº¡ÑºÇÔµÒÁÔ¹ºÕ˹Öè§ã¹ÃÙ»Í×è¹æ «Öè§Å´Å§»ÃÐÁÒ³à¡×ͺÃéÍÂÅÐ 20 ÀÒÂã¹ÃÐÂÐàÇÅÒ 4 ÊÑ»´ÒËì

  ¤ÓÇèÒ¹Ùâ·Ã»Ô¡ nootropics à»ç¹¤Ó·ÕèÁÒ¨Ò¡ÀÒÉÒ¡ÃÕ¡ ¤×Í noos áÅÐ tropein «Öè§á»ÅÇèÒ “mind” áÅÐ “toward” µÒÁÅӴѺ  ºÒ§¤ÃÑ駹Ùâ·Ã»Ô¡ÍÒ¨ÁÕª×èÍàÃÕ¡ÇèÒ smart drugs ááàÃÔèÁ¹Ñ鹤ӹÕéãªé͸ԺÒÂÄ·¸Ôì·Ò§àÀÊѪÇÔ·ÂҢͧÂÒ·Õèª×èÍ piracetam µèÍÁÒ¹ÔÂÁãªé¤Ó¹Õéá¾ÃèËÅÒÂÁÒ¡¢Öé¹ ·Ó§Ò¹â´Âà¾ÔèÁ»ÃÔÁÒ³ÊÒÃà¤ÁÕã¹ÊÁͧ (neurochemicals) äÁèÇèÒ¨Ðà»ç¹ÊÒÃÊ×èÍ»ÃÐÊÒ·(neurotransmitters) à͹ä«Áì (enzymes) áÅÐÎÍÃìâÁ¹ (hormones)â´Â·ÑèÇä»áÅéǹÙâ·Ã»Ô¡ËÁÒ¶֧¡ÅØèÁÊÒ÷ÕèÁդسÊÁºÑµÔ´Ñ§µèÍ仹Õé¤ÃѺ

1) à¾ÔèÁ¡Ò÷ӧҹ´éÒ¹ cognitive function àªè¹ ¡ÃкÒǹ¡ÒÃàÃÕ¹ÃÙéáÅСÒè´¨Ó

2) ªèÇ»¡»éͧÊÁͧ¨Ò¡»Ñ¨¨ÑÂú¡Ç¹µèÒ§æ àªè¹ ÊÒþÔÉ Í¹ØÁÙÅÍÔÊÃÐ à»ç¹µé¹

3) µéͧäÁèÁդسÊÁºÑµÔà»ç¹ÊÒáÃеØé¹ (classical excitants) ÂÒʧºÃЧѺ (tranquilizers) ËÃ×Í ÂÒÃÑ¡ÉÒÍÒ¡Ò÷ҧ¨Ôµ (antipsychotics)

4) ÁÕ¼ÅäÁè¾Ö§»ÃÐʧ¤ìµèÓÁÒ¡æ

àÍ¡ÊÒÃÍéÒ§ÍÔ§ Mark A. McDaniel, Steven F. Maier, and Gilles O. Einstein

, “Brain-Specific” Nutrients: A Memory Cure?, Nutrition 19:957–975, 2003

• Brain Specific Nutrients http://neuroscience.webs.com/Brain Specific Nutrients A Memory Cure.pdf
• Vitamins and brain functions http://neuroscience.webs.com/Vitamins and Brain Function.pdf

• Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nootropic
• Life Extension Foundation http://www.lef.org/
• THE COGNITIVE ENHANCEMENT RESEARCH INSTITUTE http://www.ceri.com/index.shtml
• neurotropikreations http://nootropics.ipbhost.com/
• Biogenesis AntiAging http://www.biogenesis-antiaging.com/
• http://intelegen.com/nutrients/index.htm#Cognitive_Enhancers
• Seeking Smart Drugs http://www.thescientist.com/article/display/13341/
• MedlinePlus: Drugs, Herbs and Supplements information